In fact, the K in vitamin K is in reference to the German word koagulation, which translates to coagulation or the ability to clot (or thicken) blood. Long-term studies in Japanese women have observed similar benefits, though very high doses were used in these cases. Foley R.N., Murray A.M., Li S., Herzog C.A., McBean A.M., Eggers P.W., Collins A.J. Furthermore, vitamin K can help the body pull calcium into the bones and teeth something that vitamin D cannot do. Evidence to support vitamin K supplementation is too preliminary and contradictory to make recommendations. Zeng C., Guo C., Cai J., Tang C., Dong Z. Serum sclerostin in vascular calcification and clinical outcome in chronic kidney disease. Though this needs to be studied in more detail, current research on vitamin K2 and health is promising. These two vitamins have synergistic effects, which means they may work together (24). Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: What do we know? In this study, we aim to review the current evidence regarding vitamin K supplementation in uremic patients. Some scientists have suggested that the roles of vitamins K1 and K2 are quite different, and many feel that they should be classified as separate nutrients altogether. Fusaro et al. |January 6, 2017. Do You Really Need to Take Vitamin D Supplements? By the end of this article, youll better understand why we should take these nutrients together to improve our overall health. In addition, accumulation of uremic toxins and enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation suppress the concentration and expression of calcification inhibitors, such as Klotho [15,16,35] and pyrophosphates [36,37,38]. vitamin K can reverse the effects of these drugs. Cleveland Clinic 1995-2023. Seven of these trials, which took fractures into consideration, found that vitamin K2 reduced spinal fractures by 60%, hip fractures by 77%, and all non-spinal fractures by 81% (12). Vitamin K1 comes from plant sources, like leafy greens and blueberries. Vitamin K2 Veganand calcium can be taken together to improve bone health and reduce the risk of heart disease. However, thus far the results of such supplementation on the progression of VC remain ambiguous and contraindicatory. However, no human studies have tested this directly. Sweatt A., Sane D.C., Hutson S.M., Wallin R. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in aortic calcified lesions of aging rats. For more than a century, arterial calcification was believed to be a passive, progressive and untreatable process of calcium accumulation in the arterial walls. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. performed a meta-analysis of 21 studies and 222,592 participants and showed that increased dietary intake of either vitamin K1 or K2 was linked with a moderately reduced risk of coronary heart disease, although not with mortality. Not only does it convert the food you eat into energy, but magnesium benefits your body by: strengthening bones relieving muscle tension and muscle spasms Whereas, vitamin K2 also promotes bone and heart health. Vlasschaert C., Goss C.J., Pilkey N.G., McKeown S., Holden R.M. Your bones need vitamin K. But our rheumatologist explains why you probably get enough from your diet. However, three decades ago this perspective changed significantly and it became evident that the calcification of arteries is not a degenerative but rather an active process starting with the osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) [14], a process similar to bone formation. Several observational studies have found that inadequate intake of vitamin K is linked to low bone density and increased risk for fractures. FOIA were much older (64.6 versus 70.8 years of mean age). The importance of this study was that it showed for the first time that supplementation with vitamin K might prevent or even reverse VC. Westenfeld et al. Calcification of the arteries starts early in life and gradually increases with age; it is a common condition in the healthy aged. Finally, roughly nine of ten patients in the K group were treated with phosphate binders such as sevelamer, which have been reported to limit the biologic availability of vitamin K [64]. In fact, some think that vitamin K2 may be the missing link between diet and several chronic diseases. In other studies, circulating K1 in serum or plasma was assessed; however, levels of K1 are highly dependent on lipids and lipoproteins, and do not reflect the levels of K2. You may have heard about vitamin K. It plays a big role in blood clotting, bone health and heart health. The inactive form of MGP (dephosphorylated, uncarboxylated dp-ucMGP) reflects vitamin K deficiency and has been repeatedly associated with surrogate markers of VC, stiffness, and cardiovascular outcomes in CKD populations. Although the reduction in dp-ucMGP was significantly higher in the rivaroxaban group and even higher in the rivaroxaban plus K group, at the end of the study circulating dp-ucMGP levels in this group remained high. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, No effect on VC, vascular stiffness or cardiac valve calcification. To date, data regarding the effect of exogenous supplementation of vitamin K in CKD/ESKD patients remain limited. Krueger T., Schlieper G., Schurgers L., Cornelis T., Cozzolino M., Jacobi J., Jadoul M., Ketteler M., Rump L.C., Stenvinkel P., et al. And its true that calcium is an important part of bone health. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. The same is true of vitamin K. K vitamins are fat-soluble, meaning they dissolve in fats and oils. Chatrou M.L., Cleutjens J.P., van der Vusse G.J., Roijers R.B., Mutsaers P.H., Schurgers L.J. 2BLas Vegas NV 89102. However, keep in mind that the studies were observational studies, which cannot prove cause and effect. That makes vitamin K an essential component of bone health. Intra-Section Analysis of Human Coronary Arteries Reveals a Potential Role for Micro-Calcifications in Macrophage Recruitment in the Early Stage of Atherosclerosis. However, we expect that the results of several intensive ongoing trials will shed light on this area of research. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. As mentioned above, vitamin K2 plays a central role in the metabolism of calcium, the main mineral found in your bones and teeth. Similarly, the Effect of Vitamin K2 (MK7) on Cardiovascular and Bone Disease in Dialysis Patients (RenaKvit) RCT [87] recently reported that daily treatment with 360 g MK-7 for two years in 21 ESKD patients undergoing either HD or PD failed to show any beneficial effect on aortic stiffness or calcification. There is evidence for some positive effect, and there are ongoing studies, says Dr. Deal. In nature, vitamin K is found in primarily in two forms - K1 (phylloquinone). The initial discovery was reported in a German scientific journal, where it was called Koagulationsvitamin. Thats where the K in vitamin K comes from (1). Vitamin K is used to reduce the risk of bleeding in liver disease. See additional information. Prevalence and Effects of Functional Vitamin K Insufficiency: The PREVEND Study. Vitamin K2, however, may be an effective supplement because it isnt used up by your body as quickly. An adequate intake of vitamin K is considered to be 120 mcg for men and 90 mcg for women. Pilkey R.M., Morton A.R., Boffa M.B., Noordhof C., Day A.G., Su Y., Miller L.M., Koschinsky M.L., Booth S.L. Temmar M., Liabeuf S., Renard C., Czernichow S., Esper N.E., Shahapuni I., Presne C., Makdassi R., Andrejak M., Tribouilloy C., et al. A small RCT in 42 predialysis CKD patients showed that when compared to vitamin D alone, a combination of vitamin K2 and D resulted in favorable results regarding dp-ucMGP reduction but had no impact on progression of VC [84]. Vitamin K2 can play a role in blood clotting, heart health, and bone health. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Vitamin K has long been known to play an important role in blood clotting. Bellinge J.W., Dalgaard F., Murray K., Connolly E., Blekkenhorst L.C., Bondonno C.P., Lewis J.R., Sim M., Croft K.D., Gislason G. Vitamin K Intake and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the danish diet cancer and health study. Therefore, a genetic basis underlying the pathogenesis of arterial calcification in CKD through de-activation of MGP might occur in CKD. Cardiac calcification in renal patients: What we do and dont know. Hujairi N.M., Afzali B., Goldsmith D.J. Meanwhile, vitamin K plays a vital role in blood clotting (3). The benefits of supplementing with K2 may be enhanced even further when combined with a vitamin D supplement. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Epidemiological data in the general population (NHANES II [58]) as well as ERGO [59], the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study [60], EPIC [61], and the PREVEND study [62] have all suggested that poor vitamin K status is independently associated with VC, mortality, and CV disease. Mansour A.G., Hariri E., Daaboul Y., Korjian S., El Alam A., Protogerou A.D., Kilany H., Karam A., Stephan A., Bahous S.A. Vitamin K2 supplementation and arterial stiffness among renal transplant recipientsA single-arm, single-center clinical trial. Some evidence suggests that broad-spectrum antibiotics contribute to K2 deficiency (21). This was one of the first interventional studies in this research area to highlight the synergy and interaction between vitamins K and D; however, the small sample size, the short study period, and the low MK-7 dosage should be acknowledged as limitations. NTS135: Unit 3 - Chapters 8 - 13 Flashcards | Quizlet You know your body needs calcium and vitamin D for strong, healthy bones. We want to have enough K2 around all the time to be sure that we can activate the Vitamin K dependent proteins that are so critical for healthy bones, osteocalcin, which puts calcium into our bones and matrix gla protein which prevents calcium from depositing where we don't want it, in our vasculature, arteries, heart, breasts, brain, and . High Dephosphorylated-Uncarboxylated MGP in Hemodialysis patients: Risk factors and response to vitamin K2, A pre-post intervention clinical trial. Two clinical studies suggest that vitamin K2 reduces the recurrence of liver cancer and increases survival times (19, 20). But research is showing that calcium doesnt act alone. However, all vitamers and sub-forms of vitamin K can act as co-factors for the activation of MGP. Morena M., Jaussent I., Halkovich A., Dupuy A.M., Bargnoux A.S., Chenine L., Leray-Moragues H., Klouche K., Vernhet H., Canaud B., et al. Vitamin K2 can be further divided into several different subtypes. There is scientific rationale for looking at the association between vitamin K, bone density and fracture risk, says rheumatologist Chad Deal, MD. Vitamin D and calcium are essential for healthy bones and other bodily functions, so following consumption guidelines is crucial. Secondary (or sub-clinical) vitamin K deficiency would then form an increased risk factor for accelerated bone loss, vascular calcification, and cancer. Based on the connection between vitamin K and bone health, several studies looked at whether it makes sense for anyone, including people with osteoporosis or at risk for it, to take vitamin K supplements. Schurgers L.J., Barreto D.V., Barreto F.C., Liabeuf S., Renard C., Magdeleyns E.J., Vermeer C., Choukroun G., Massy Z.A. Sabrina-Wong-Peixin Haroon B.-C., Tai L.-H.L., Lynette Teo A.D., Leon Schurgers B.-W.T., Priyanka Khatri C.-C.O., Sanmay Low X.-E.Y., Jia-Neng Tan S.S., Horng-Ruey Chua S.-Y.T., Weng-Kin Wong T.-W.-L. To make matters worse, vitamin K2 deficiency is widespread in the average western diet. However, more studies on the roles of vitamin K subtypes are needed. included thirteen RCTs involving 2162 patients and fourteen longitudinal studies involving 10,726 patients, and showed that exogenous supplementation with vitamin K caused a significant 9.1% reduction in the degree of VC, attributed to a 44.7% decrease in plasma dp-ucMGP concentration [81]. Hermans M.M., Vermeer C., Kooman J.P., Brandenburg V., Ketteler M., Gladziwa U., Rensma P.L., Leunissen K.M., Schurgers L.J. Vitamins and Minerals for Goats | CALS And clots in your arteries cause heart attacks. Moreover, in a cohort of 188 HD patients, patients with more severe degrees of VC as assessed by Adragao and total calcification score had significantly lower plasma dp-cMGP levels, whereas dp-ucMGP was not correlated with the extent of VC [72]. Although the majority of published or ongoing trials in CKD or ESKD population have adopted a daily dosage of 200500 g of vitamin K2, two new RCTs registered on clinicaltrials.gov, the VIKIPEDIA and the UCASAL-VITK studies, propose higher daily dosages of vitamin K. The VIKIPEDIA study will assess the effect of 1000 g/day of MK-7 on arterial stiffness and CV disease in PD patients, whereas the UCASAL-VITK link will investigate whether intravenous supplementation with MK-7 2000 g thrice weekly can improve markers of VC in a cohort of maintenance HD patients. All VKDPs have inactive Glu residues that undergo -carboxylation to -carboxyglutamate (Gla), a process requiring vitamin K as a co-factor. Proper Calcium Use: Vitamin K2 as a Promoter of Bone and Cardiovascular Health. [67]; in 137 patients with various degrees of kidney function, subclinical vitamin K deficiency as assessed by increased levels of dp-ucMGP was an independent predictor of carotidfemoral PWV, and there was a progressive increase in dp-ucMGP as kidney function deteriorated. Delanaye P., Krzesinski J.M., Warling X., Moonen M., Smelten N., Medart L., Pottel H., Cavalier E. Dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated Matrix Gla protein concentration is predictive of vitamin K status and is correlated with vascular calcification in a cohort of hemodialysis patients. Dal Canto E., Beulens J.W., Elders P., Rutters F., Stehouwer C.D., van der Heijden A.A., van Ballegooijen A.J. The function and clinical importance of this inhibitor of VC was first recognized by Luo et al., who found that MGP-deficient animals (knockout models, MGP--/--), develop to term but die within eight weeks due to accelerated VC leading to blood vessel rupture in the aorta [41]. Both nutrients are found naturally in foods but they also can be taken as dietary supplements. It should be noted that toxicity from vitamin K has never been reported in experimental studies, even with daily intake of 20 mg of vitamin K1 in pregnancy [101] or 2000 mg/kg MK-7 by body weight [102]. Research shows that the two of them together may be more effective for bone . They may grow on different trees and have different tastes, but at the end of the day, theyre all citrus fruits. Calcium Chromium Coenzyme Q - 10 DHEA Flaxseed Folic Acid Ginko Glucosamine Melatonin Niacin Magnesium Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Kaesler N., Magdeleyns E., Herfs M., Schettgen T., Brandenburg V., Fliser D., Vermeer C., Floege J., Schlieper G., Kruger T. Impaired vitamin K recycling in uremia is rescued by vitamin K supplementation. There are some foods that are both naturally healthy and rich in vitamin K2.. In advanced CKD, the consequences of kidney dysfunction (particularly mineral dysregulation, inflammation and accumulation of uremic toxins) favor the osteogenic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells, through the activity of cytokines and enzymes such as Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 [15,16], osteocalcin [17,18,19], sclerostin [20,21,22], bone-morphogenetic proteins [16,23,24,25], osteoprotegerin [22,26,27,28], RUNX2 [16] and calcium-sensing receptor [29,30] that trigger the osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs, thus promoting the onset and development of VC [31,32,33,34]. Foods we can add to our diet that are rich sources of calcium include: Those not receiving enough calcium from our diet may need to take daily calcium supplements to avoid a deficiency in this nutrient. INTRODUCTION. Kidney Found. Brancaccio D., Biondi M.L., Gallieni M., Turri O., Galassi A., Cecchini F., Russo D., Andreucci V., Cozzolino M. Matrix GLA protein gene polymorphisms: Clinical correlates and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease patients. Similarly, Caluwe et al. Over the age of 70, they need 800 IU of vitamin D each day. A 3-year study in 244 postmenopausal women found that those taking vitamin K2 supplements had much slower decreases in age-related bone mineral density (11). This vitamin is rare in the Western diet and hasnt received much mainstream attention. Matrix Gla Protein (MGP), one the most powerful naturally occurring inhibitors of arterial calcification, requires vitamin K as a co-factor in order to undergo post-translational -carboxylation and phosphrorylation and become biologically active. National Institutes of Health. Therefore, scientific research is focused on the pathophysiology of calcification inhibitors in CKD, especially their activation pathways. Moreover, increased circulating dp-ucMGP (which is representative of vitamin K depletion) was predictive of both all-cause and CV mortality, while uncarboxylated osteocalcin (another VKDP implicated in bone and vascular health) was not [75]. In agreement with these results, Kayzer et al., enrolled 518 stable kidney transplant recipients, followed them for a median period of 9.8 years, and found that increased plasma dp-ucMGP was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and transplant failure [77]. As CKD is a state of progressive vitamin K depletion and VC, research has focused on clinical trials aiming to investigate the possible beneficial effects of vitamin K in CKD and dialysis patients. Its true - thats why were here to tell you everything you need to know about the role that vitamin K2 and calcium play in our health, from what these nutrients are to exactly how much we should be consuming of each to experience their health benefits. In fact, it potentially may have lifesaving implications for many people. In this stage, ESKD patients are given strict dietary recommendations that include restriction of dairy products rich in phosphate (and vitamin K2) and green vegetables rich in potassium (and vitamin K1) [17]. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. Li T., Surendran K., Zawaideh M.A., Mathew S., Hruska K.A. Yuen D., Pierratos A., Richardson R.M., Chan C.T. Pair These Nutrients Together For Maximum Absorption Moe S.M., ONeill K.D., Reslerova M., Fineberg N., Persohn S., Meyer C.A. Click Here . 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; moc.liamtoh@sitoilemuor_ts (S.R. Blog Supplementing vitamin D3 and K2 comes with all the benefits of vitamin D and vitamin K, but also some unique health benefits that are only unlocked when these two vitamins are used together. The European Food Safety Authority has approved a health claim for vitamin K, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of vitamin K and the maintenance of normal bone.. Roumeliotis S., Roumeliotis A., Dounousi E., Eleftheriadis T., Liakopoulos V. Vitamin K for the treatment of cardiovascular disease in End-Stage Renal Disease patients: Is there hope? This crucial alteration in the pharmacology of MK-7 in uremia might partially explain the negative RCTs regarding MK-7 supplementation in predialysis CKD patients. Lomashvili K.A., Garg P., Narisawa S., Millan J.L., ONeill W.C. Upregulation of alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphate hydrolysis: Potential mechanism for uremic vascular calcification. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. However, this nutrient offers many other notable advantages to our health, as a proper intake is essential for: Calcium is essential, which means our bodies cannot produce this mineral independently. It was also discovered by the dentist Weston Price, who traveled the world in the early 20th century, studying the relationship between diet and disease in different populations. Following the encouraging results of animal studies, research has focused on clinical interventional studies examining the possible beneficial effects of vitamin K supplementation on CV outcomes. By activating VKDPs, vitamin K (a group of fat-soluble vitamins) is implicated in the regulation of bone metabolism, blood coagulation, and vascular health. What are vitamin D and calcium? Vitamin K2: What It Is and Its Benefits - Cleveland Clinic Schlieper G., Schurgers L., Brandenburg V., Reutelingsperger C., Floege J. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: An update. Moreover, there are numerous knowledge gaps and research questions that have remained unanswered to date regarding the supplementation of vitamin K in these populations, including the best form, dosage, duration of treatment, method of measuring vitamin K status, and expected response to treatment. Osteoprotegerin and sclerostin in chronic kidney disease prior to dialysis: Potential partners in vascular calcifications. However, deficiencies of both K1 and K2 appear to have a negative effect. Vitamin K plays an essential role in blood clotting, heart health, and bone health. Massy Z.A., Henaut L., Larsson T.E., Vervloet M.G. Vitamin K: the effect on health beyond coagulation - an overview 8600 Rockville Pike But thats not a hard-and-fast rule. The uremic environment can directly decrease the activity of vitamin K-recycling molecules and enzymes [63]; finally, certain drug agents that are commonly used by ESKD patients, such as phosphate binders, can further exacerbate vitamin K deficiency [64]. At this point, researchers have yet to determine if vitamin K1 or vitamin K2 are equally responsible for clotting or if one is any more effective than the other when it comes to blood clotting. Here's what's going on: "The majority of the calcium in our body is stored in our bones, and vitamin D helps absorb, carry, and deposit that calcium into our bones," she says. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. 3 min. Cleveland Clinic 1995-2023. Those of us invested in our health have probably heard about all the benefits that calcium offers, but did you know we can maximize these benefits by ensuring an adequate intake of vitamin K2? Mathew S., Tustison K.S., Sugatani T., Chaudhary L.R., Rifas L., Hruska K.A. The adverse events that have been recorded are very mild and mostly include gastrointestinal symptoms, and toxicity has never been reported. This article originally appeared in Cleveland Clinic Arthritis Advisor. Out of 13 studies, only one failed to show significant improvement. Moreover, it became clear that the onset and development of VC is regulated by various molecules normally involved in the regulation of bone metabolism, which can act as either promoters or inhibitors of arterial calcification. The presence and degree of vascular calcification (VC) are independent and each is a strong predictor of CV morbidity and mortality. To date, the optimal daily amount of vitamin K for ESKD patients has not yet been determined [92]. On the other hand, dp-ucMGP cannot bind to calcium/phosphate particles, hydroxyapatite, or BMP-2 and therefore loses the ability to act as an inhibitor of VC [51,52,53,54]. This vitamin works by activating a protein that assists calcium in serving its functions within the body. Because the mean circulating dp-ucMGP in the vitamin K group was 1173 pmol/L, it became evident that supplementation with vitamin K did not fully restore vitamin K status, and that the dosage might therefore be considered undertherapeutic. Matrix GLA protein modulates differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 in C3H10T1/2 cells. Accumulated data from in vitro and in vivo studies has coherently detected local concentrations of dp-ucMGP around calcification sites such as atheromatic lesions and plaques, and circulating levels of dp-ucMGP are strongly correlated with the degree of VC [55,56]. A systematic review of controlled trials. Despite the short period of treatment, this study produced positive results; however, the outcome was the change in a surrogate marker of arterial stiffness, not a hard clinical endpoint. The main drawbacks of this study were its small sample size and high drop-out rate; of 641 patients originally assessed, 48 only were enrolled and only 21 ultimately completed the trial. Natural history of vascular calcification in dialysis and transplant patients. Plasma osteoprotegerin is associated with mortality in hemodialysis patients. B vitamins, for example, are broken down into eight subtypes. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. They work differently in your body and come from different food sources. Vitamin K supplements are relatively safe, and many people take them. After 1.5 years of treatment, MK-7 failed to show any beneficial effect on various markers of VC and stiffness, including PWV, coronary artery calcification score, and calcification of the cardiac valves. But in reality, vitamin D, vitamin K and calcium all actually work together.. It has become evident that an optimal assessment method should quantify both vitamin K status and the availability of the vitamin that can be used for activation of VKDPs such as MGP. The Effect on Vascular Calcification of Replacing Warfarin by Rivaroxaban With or Without Vitamin K2 in Hemodialysis Patients (Valkyrie) RCT [88] enrolled 132 HD patients with atrial fibrillation and randomized them to a vitamin K antagonist (warfarin), rivaroxaban, or rivaroxaban combined with 2000 g of MK-7 thrice weekly. New research is revealing this game-changing pair of vitamins and their effect on our hearts, our bones, and our blood sugar. The biggest study to date was conducted by Puzantian et al. Cardiovascular (CV) disease is highly prevalent among Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients and remains the major cause of early morbidity and mortality sustained by this population. A recent (2016) investigation from Johns Hopkins did suggest that taking calcium supplements may lead to heart damage and another from Sweden linked the supplements to a risk of dementia in some women. What we commonly think of as vitamin K includes vitamin K1 (also called phylloquinone), as well as vitamin K2 (menaquinone). This study expands our understanding, provides novel insights into vitamin K metabolism in uremia, and suggests that altered uptake and transportation of vitamin K by lipoproteins in advanced CKD might be another mechanism (besides reduced vitamin K intake) underlying the poor vitamin K status of HD patients. Think of oranges, grapefruits, limes and lemons. While the daily recommended amount of vitamin K for healthy subjects is 90120 g [78], the exact dosage of vitamin K intake for activation of MGP in populations with vitamin K deficiency, such as CKD patients, has not yet been defined. Calcium deposits in your arteries can lead to high blood pressure, kidney disease and more. Among these, the K2 subtype with the longest side chain, the longest half-life, and the optimal bioavailability in humans is menaquinone-7 (MK-7). Maresz K. (2015). Oikonomaki T., Papasotiriou M., Ntrinias T., Kalogeropoulou C., Zabakis P., Kalavrizioti D., Papadakis I., Goumenos D.S., Papachristou E. The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients: A 1-year follow-up randomized trial. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not authorized a health claim. The Role of Vitamin D One of the main functions of vitamin D is to maintain adequate. Bearing in mind that diabetics and patients with heavy VC or established CV disease might have a low response to treatment with vitamin K, the results of this study might be due to this issue. Other forms of calcium in supplements include gluconate and lactate. Therefore, while the fully inactive form of MGP is the dephosphorylated, uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP) MGP exists in the partially inactive forms of dephosphorylated carboxylated MGP (dp-cMGP) and phosphorylated uncarboxylated MGP (p-ucMGP) as well. In one study spanning 7-10 years, people with the highest intake of vitamin K2 were 52% less . But you may not consume vitamin K2-containing foods often with the typical Western diet.