An average instruction takes 100 nanoseconds of CPU time and two memory accesses. Calculating Effective Access Time- Substituting values in the above formula, we get- Effective Access Time = 0.8 x { 20 ns + 100 ns } + 0.2 x { 20 ns + (3+1) x 100 ns } = 0.8 x 120 ns + 0.2 + 420 ns = 96 ns + 84 ns = 180 ns Thus, effective memory access time = 180 ns. Watch video lectures by visiting our YouTube channel LearnVidFun. Which of the following is/are wrong? rev2023.3.3.43278. if page-faults are 10% of all accesses. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. There are two types of memory organisation- Hierarchical (Sequential) and Simultaneous (Concurrent). A hit occurs when a CPU needs to find a value in the system's main memory. Reducing Memory Access Times with Caches | Red Hat Developer You are here Read developer tutorials and download Red Hat software for cloud application development. c) RAM and Dynamic RAM are same What is the effective access time (in ns) if the TLB hit ratio is 70%? When an application needs to access data, it first checks its cache memory to see if the data is already stored there. Part B [1 points] Recovering from a blunder I made while emailing a professor. What is the effective average instruction execution time? The address field has value of 400. If the page fault rate is 10% and dirty pages should be reloaded when needed, calculate the effective access time if: T = 0.8(TLB+MEM) + 0.2(0.9[TLB+MEM+MEM] + 0.1[TLB+MEM + 0.5(Disk) + 0.5(2Disk+MEM)]) = 15,110 ns. Example 4:Here calculating TLB access time, where EMAT, TLB hit ratio and memory access time is given. This gives 10% times the (failed) access to TLB register and (failed) access to page table and than it needs to load the page. Effective access time = (h x c) + ( (1-h) x ( c + m )) = (0.95 x 5) + ( (0.05) x (5 + 40)) nanoseconds = 4.75 + 2.25 nanoseconds = 7 nanoseconds Next Previous Related Questions Q: Assume that a given system's main memory has an access time of 6.0 ns, and its cache has an access.. Answer: To calculate: Hit ratio for effective access time of 1.5 ns. In TLB a copy of frequently accessed page number and frame no is maintained which is from the page table stored into memory. Why is there a voltage on my HDMI and coaxial cables? ____ number of lines are required to select __________ memory locations. You could say that there is nothing new in this answer besides what is given in the question. If Cache has 4 slots and memory has 90 blocks of 16 addresses each (Use as much required in question). In the case that the page is found in the TLB (TLB hit) the total time would be the time of search in the TLB plus the time to access memory, so, TLB_hit_time := TLB_search_time + memory_access_time, In the case that the page is not found in the TLB (TLB miss) the total time would be the time to search the TLB (you dont find anything, but searched nontheless) plus the time to access memory to get the page table and frame, plus the time to access memory to get the data, so, TLB_miss_time := TLB_search_time + memory_access_time + memory_access_timeBut this is in individual cases, when you want to know an average measure of the TLB performance, you use the Effective Access Time, that is the weighted average of the previous measures. Staging Ground Beta 1 Recap, and Reviewers needed for Beta 2, How To Calculate Process Size from TLB size and mean memory access time, Relation between cache and TLB hit ratios. Assume that load-through is used in this architecture and that the In the hierarchical organisation all the levels of memory (cache as well as main memory) are connected sequentially i.e. Due to the fact that the cache gets slower the larger it is, the CPU does this in a multi-stage process. LKML Archive on lore.kernel.org help / color / mirror / Atom feed help / color / mirror / Atom feed * To find the effective memory-access time, we weight the case by its probability: effective access time = 0.80 100 + 0.20 200 = 120 nanoseconds but in the 8th edition of the same book I'm confused with the effective access time Can someone explain it for me? It is a typo in the 9th edition. NOTE: IF YOU HAVE ANY PROBLEM PLZ COMMENT BELOW..AND PLEASE APPRECIATE MY HARDWORK ITS REALL. A direct-mapped cache is a cache in which each cache line can be mapped to only one cache set. Informacin detallada del sitio web y la empresa: grupcostabrava.com, +34972853512 CB Grup - CBgrup, s una empresa de serveis per a la distribuci de begudes, alimentaci, productes de neteja i drogueria Above all, either formula can only approximate the truth and reality. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. 2. Which of the following is not an input device in a computer? So, if hit ratio = 80% thenmiss ratio=20%. If we fail to find the page number in the TLB then we must It should be either, T = 0.8(TLB + MEM) + 0.2((0.9(TLB + MEM + MEM)) + 0.1(TLB + MEM + 0.5(Disk) + 0.5(2Disk + MEM))), T = 0.8(TLB + MEM) + 0.1(TLB + MEM + MEM) + 0.1(TLB + MEM + 0.5(Disk) + 0.5(2Disk + MEM)). Why do small African island nations perform better than African continental nations, considering democracy and human development? Then the value of p is-, 3 time units = px { 1 time unit + p x { 300 time units } + (1 p) x { 100 time units } } + (1 p) x { 1 time unit }, 3 = p x { 1 + 300p + 100 100p } + (1 p), On solving this quadratic equation, we get p = 0.019258. The average memory access time is the average of the time it takes to access a request from the cache and the time it takes to access a request from main . Average memory access time is a useful measure to evaluate the performance of a memory-hierarchy configuration. And only one memory access is required. Provide an equation for T a for a read operation. What is the main memory access takes (in ns) if Effective memory Access Time (EMAT) is 140ns access time? RAM and ROM chips are not available in a variety of physical sizes. Before you go through this article, make sure that you have gone through the previous articles on Paging in OS. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese, How to handle a hobby that makes income in US. = 0.8 x{ 20 ns + 100 ns } + 0.2 x { 20 ns + (3+1) x 100 ns }. [for any confusion about (k x m + m) please follow:Problem of paging and solution]. Hit ratio: r = N hit N hit + N miss Cache look up cost: C cache = rC h + (1 r) Cm Cache always improves performance when Cm > C h and r > 0. A place where magic is studied and practiced? Do new devs get fired if they can't solve a certain bug? Thus, effective memory access time = 160 ns. Then the above equation becomes. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. In this case, the second formula you mentioned is applicable because if L1 cache misses and L2 cache hits, then CPU access L2 cache in t2 time only and not (t1+t2) time. I would actually agree readily. How many 128 8 RAM chips are needed to provide a memory capacity of 2048 bytes? nanoseconds) and then access the desired byte in memory (100 The effective memory-access time can be derived as followed : The general formula for effective memory-access time is : n Teff = f i .t i where n is nth -memory hierarchy. Which of the following loader is executed. The logic behind that is to access L1, first. Arwin - 23206008@2006 1 Problem 5.8 - The main memory of a computer is organized as 64 blocks with a block size of eight (8) words. Has 90% of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade? If we fail to find the page number in the TLB, then we must first access memory for the page table and get the frame number and then access the desired byte in the memory. So, here we access memory two times. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. b) Convert from infix to reverse polish notation: (AB)A(B D . Follow Up: struct sockaddr storage initialization by network format-string, Short story taking place on a toroidal planet or moon involving flying, Bulk update symbol size units from mm to map units in rule-based symbology, Minimising the environmental effects of my dyson brain. has 4 slots and memory has 90 blocks of 16 addresses each (Use as It is given that one page fault occurs every k instruction. See Page 1. What is actually happening in the physically world should be (roughly) clear to you. (I think I didn't get the memory management fully). The probability of a page fault is p. In case of a page fault, the probability of page being dirty is also p. It is observed that the average access time is 3 time units. Effective Access time when multi-level paging is used: In the case of the multi-level paging concept of TLB hit ratio and miss ratio are the same. Since "t1 means the time to access the L1 while t2 and t3 mean the (miss) penalty to access L2 and main memory, respectively", we should apply the second formula above, twice. The exam was conducted on 19th February 2023 for both Paper I and Paper II. Statement (II): RAM is a volatile memory. Has 90% of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade? Which has the lower average memory access time? time for transferring a main memory block to the cache is 3000 ns. So, a special table is maintained by the operating system called the Page table. ERROR: CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW WITH DATA cannot be executed from a function. Is it possible to create a concave light? Has 90% of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade? If Effective memory Access Time (EMAT) is 140ns, then find TLB access time. Can archive.org's Wayback Machine ignore some query terms? Average access time in two level cache system, Confusion regarding calculation of estimated memory access time in a system containing only a cache and main memory for simplicity. effective-access-time = hit-rate * cache-access-time + miss-rate * lower-level-access-time Miss penalty is defined as the difference between lower level access time and cache access time. Consider a three level paging scheme with a TLB. (We are assuming that a Get more notes and other study material of Operating System. Is it a bug? It takes some computing resources, so it should actually count toward memory access a bit, but much less since the page faults don't need to wait for the writes to finish. A tiny bootstrap loader program is situated in -. The region and polygon don't match. So 90% times access to TLB register plus access to the page table plus access to the page itself: 10% (of those 20%; the expression suggests this, but the question is not clear and suggests rather that it's 10% overall) of times the page needs to be loaded from disk. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. What is a word for the arcane equivalent of a monastery? Cache Access Time Features include: ISA can be found 80% of time the physical address is in the TLB cache. TRAP is a ________ interrupt which has the _______ priority among all other interrupts. Because it depends on the implementation and there are simultenous cache look up and hierarchical. Can I tell police to wait and call a lawyer when served with a search warrant? But, the data is stored in actual physical memory i.e. Here hit ratio =80% means we are taking0.8,TLB access time =20ns,Effective memory Access Time (EMAT) =140ns and letmemory access time =m. To get updated news and information subscribe: 2023 MyCareerwise - All rights reserved. Can Martian Regolith be Easily Melted with Microwaves. The design goal is to achieve an effective memory access time (t=10.04 s) with a cache hit ratio (h1=0.98) and a main memory hit ratio (h2=0.9). Calculating effective address translation time. So, how many times it requires to access the main memory for the page table depends on how many page tables we used. The difference between lower level access time and cache access time is called the miss penalty. As both page table and page are in physical memoryT(eff) = hit ratio * (TLB access time + Main memory access time) +(1 hit ratio) * (TLB access time + 2 * main memory time)= 0.6*(10+80) + (1-0.6)*(10+2*80)= 0.6 * (90) + 0.4 * (170)= 122, This solution is contributed Nitika BansalQuiz of this Question. This is better understood by. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. (By the way, in general, it is the responsibility of the original problem/exercise to make it clear the exact meaning of each given condition. Using Direct Mapping Cache and Memory mapping, calculate Hit Assume that the entire page table and all the pages are in the physical memory. Before you go through this article, make sure that you have gone through the previous article on Page Fault in OS. Or if we can assume it takes relatively ignorable time to find it is a miss in $L1$ and $L2$ (which may or may not true), then we might be able to apply the first formula above, twice. Q. A write of the procedure is used. Does a summoned creature play immediately after being summoned by a ready action? Effective memory Access Time (EMAT) for single level paging with TLB hit ratio: Here hit ratio =80% means we are taking0.8,memory access time (m) =100ns,Effective memory Access Time (EMAT) =140ns and letTLB access time =t. A single-level paging system uses a Translation Look-aside Buffer (TLB). #2-a) Given Cache access time of 10ns, main memory of 100ns And a hit ratio of 99% Find Effective Access Time (EAT). The access time of cache memory is 100 ns and that of the main memory is 1 sec. But it is indeed the responsibility of the question itself to mention which organisation is used. A notable exception is an interview question, where you are supposed to dig out various assumptions.). Not the answer you're looking for? Using Direct Mapping Cache and Memory mapping, calculate Hit Why are physically impossible and logically impossible concepts considered separate in terms of probability? Assume no page fault occurs. 170 ns = 0.5 x{ 20 ns + T ns } + 0.5 x { 20 ns + (1+1) x T ns }, 170 ns = 0.5 x { 20 ns + T ns } + 0.5 x { 20 ns + 2T ns }. The access time for L1 in hit and miss may or may not be different. Calculation of the average memory access time based on the following data? To calculate a hit ratio, divide the number of cache hits with the sum of the number of cache hits, and the number of cache misses. Note: The above formula of EMAT is forsingle-level pagingwith TLB. So, the L1 time should be always accounted. L1 miss rate of 5%. The cache access time is 70 ns, and the In question, if the level of paging is not mentioned, we can assume that it is single-level paging. Calculate the address lines required for 8 Kilobyte memory chip? The candidates appliedbetween 14th September 2022 to 4th October 2022. The candidates must meet the USPC IES Eligibility Criteria to attend the recruitment. k number of page tables are present, and then we have to accessan additional k number of main memory access for the page table. In this article, we will discuss practice problems based on multilevel paging using TLB. In 8085 microprocessor CMA, RLC, RRC instructions are examples of which addressing mode? Ratio and effective access time of instruction processing. For example,if we have 80% TLB hit ratio, for example, means that we find the desire page number in the TLB 80% percent of the time. I agree with this one! The TLB is a high speed cache of the page table i.e. If the TLB hit ratio is 80%, the effective memory access time is. How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? It takes 20 ns to search the TLB and 100 ns to access the physical memory. What Is a Cache Miss? The result would be a hit ratio of 0.944. Outstanding non-consecutiv e memory requests can not o v erlap . 2- As discussed here, we can calculate that using Teff = h1*t1 + (1-h1)*h2*t2 + (1-h1)*(1-h2)*t3 which yields 24. This splits to two options: 50% the page to be dropped is clean, so the system just needs to read the new content: 50% the page to be dropped is dirty, so the system needs to write it to disk, Disk access time needed to read & bring in memory (from swapping area or pagefile) the PT itself, MEM time needed to access PT now in memory. Premiered Jun 16, 2021 14 Dislike Share Pravin Kumar 160 subscribers In this video, you will see what is hit ratio, miss ratio and how we can calculate Effective Memory access time.. rev2023.3.3.43278. You can see another example here. A TLB-access takes 20 ns as well as a TLB hit ratio of 80%. To speed this up, there is hardware support called the TLB. For example, if you have 51 cache hits and three misses over a period of time, then that would mean you would divide 51 by 54. If the word is not in main memory, 12ms are required to fetch it from disk, followed by 60ns to copy it to the cache, and then the reference is started again. Answer: The dynamic RAM stores the binary information in the form of electric charges that are applied to capacitors. What is cache hit and miss? Products Ansible.com Learn about and try our IT automation product. The Union Public Service Commission released the UPSC IES Result for Prelims on 3rd March 2023. Consider a paging hardware with a TLB. when CPU needs instruction or data, it searches L1 cache first . Assume no page fault occurs. Base machine with CPI = 1.0 if all references hit the L1, 2 GHz Main memory access delay of 50ns. It takes 20 ns to search the TLB and 100 ns to access the physical memory. How to calculate average memory access time.. it into the cache (this includes the time to originally check the cache), and then the reference is started again. It takes 100 ns to access the physical memory. TLB hit ratio- A TLB hit is the no of times a virtual-to-physical address translation was already found in the TLB, instead of going all the way to the page table which is located in slower physical memory. A cache is a small, fast memory that is used to store frequently accessed data. But in case ofTLB miss when the page number is not present at TLB, we have to access the page table and if it is a multi-level page table, we require to access multi-level page tables for the page number. 3. Assume a two-level cache and a main memory system with the following specs: t1 means the time to access the L1 while t2 and t3 mean the penalty to access L2 and main memory, respectively. we need to place a physical memory address on the memory bus to fetch the data from the memory circuitry. What's the difference between cache miss penalty and latency to memory? The cache has eight (8) block frames. This increased hit rate produces only a 22-percent slowdown in access time. Is there a solutiuon to add special characters from software and how to do it. Miss penalty mean extra spent time beyond the time spent on checking and missing the faster caches. a) RAM and ROM are volatile memories level of paging is not mentioned, we can assume that it is single-level paging. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. The nature of simulating nature: A Q&A with IBM Quantum researcher Dr. Jamie We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Where: P is Hit ratio. locations 47 95, and then loops 10 times from 12 31 before If TLB hit ratio is 50% and effective memory access time is 170 ns, main memory access time is ______. Thanks for the answer. The expression is actually wrong. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Effective memory Access Time (EMAT) for single-level paging with TLB hit ratio: Here hit ratio (h) =80% means here taking0.8, memory access time (m) =80ns and TLB access time (t) =10ns. The following equation gives an approximation to the traffic to the lower level. You can see further details here. Is a PhD visitor considered as a visiting scholar? The effective time here is just the average time using the relative probabilities of a hit or a miss. Linux) or into pagefile (e.g. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. For the sake of discussion, if we assume that t2 and t3 mean the time to access L2 and main memory including the time spent on checking and missing the faster caches, respectively, then we should apply the first formula above, twice. The formula for calculating a cache hit ratio is as follows: For example, if a CDN has 39 cache hits and 2 cache misses over a given timeframe, then the cache hit ratio is equal to 39 divided by 41, or 0.951. Can you provide a url or reference to the original problem? When a system is first turned ON or restarted? Windows)). Can I tell police to wait and call a lawyer when served with a search warrant? The problem was: For a system with two levels of cache, define T c1 = first-level cache access time; T c2 = second-level cache access time; T m = memory access time; H 1 = first-level cache hit ratio; H 2 = combined first/second level cache hit ratio. It takes 20 ns to search the TLB and 100 ns to access the physical memory. Atotalof 327 vacancies were released. 160 ns = 0.6 x{ T ns + 100 ns } + 0.4 x { T ns + (1+1) x 100 ns }, 160 ns = 0.6 x { T ns + 100 ns } + 0.4 x { T ns + 200 ns }, 160 ns = 0.6T ns + 60 ns + 0.4T ns + 80 ns, 0.6T ns + 0.4T ns = 160 ns 60 ns 80 ns. Average Access Time is hit time+miss rate*miss time, The cache access time is 70 ns, and the Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! This table contains a mapping between the virtual addresses and physical addresses. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. The cache hit ratio is the number of requests that are found in the cache divided by the total number of requests. has 4 slots and memory has 90 blocks of 16 addresses each (Use as Consider a single level paging scheme with a TLB. If the page fault rate is 10% and dirty pages should be reloaded when needed, calculate the effective access time if: TLB Lookup = 20 ns TLB Hit ratio = 80% Memory access time = 75 ns Swap page time = 500,000 ns 50% of pages are dirty. Note: We can use any formula answer will be same. This formula is valid only when there are no Page Faults. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. We can write EMAT formula in another way: Let, miss ratio = h, hit ration = (1 - h), memory access time = m and TLB access time = t. So, we can write Note: We can also use this formula to calculate EMAT but keep in your mind that here h is miss ratio. Which of the following memory is used to minimize memory-processor speed mismatch? EAT(effective access time)= P x hit memory time + (1-P) x miss memory time. The total cost of memory hierarchy is limited by $15000. This impacts performance and availability. The hierarchical organisation is most commonly used. Let us use k-level paging i.e. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Now, substituting values in the above formula, we get- Effective access time with page fault = 10 -6 x { 20 ns + 10 ms } + ( 1 - 10 -6 ) x { 20 ns } = 10 -6 x 10 ms + 20 ns = 10 -5 ms + 20 ns = 10 ns + 20 ns = 30 ns ESE Electronics 2012 Paper 2: Official Paper, Copyright 2014-2022 Testbook Edu Solutions Pvt. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Thank you. Consider a system with a two-level paging scheme in which a regular memory access takes 150 nanoseconds and servicing a page fault takes 8 milliseconds. Let us take the definitions given at Cache Performance by gshute at UMD as referenced in the question, which is consistent with the Wikipedia entry on average memory access time. With two caches, C cache = r 1 C h 1 + r 2 C h 2 + (1 r 1 r 2 ) Cm Replacement Policies Least Recently Used, Least Frequently Used Cache Maintenance Policies Write Through - As soon as value is . Effective memory access time without page fault, = 0.9 x { 0 + 150 ns } + 0.1 x { 0 + (2+1) x 150 ns }, = 10-4x { 180 ns + 8 msec } + (1 10-4) x 180 ns, Effective Average Instruction Execution Time, = 100 ns + 2 x Effective memory access time with page fault, A demand paging system takes 100 time units to service a page fault and 300 time units to replace a dirty page. In this case the first formula you mentioned is applicable as access of L2 starts only after L1 misses. Start Now Detailed Solution Download Solution PDF Concept: The read access time is given as: T M = h T C + (1 - h) T P T M is the average memory access time T C is the cache access time T P is the access time for physical memory h is the hit ratio Analysis: Given: H = 0.9, T c = 100, T m = 1000 Now read access time = HTc + (1 - H) (Tc + Tm) The time taken to service the page fault is called as, One page fault occurs every k instruction, Average instruction takes 100 ns of CPU time and 2 memory accesses, Time taken to replace dirty page = 300 time units. Example 3:Here calculating the hit ratio, where EMAT, TLB access time, and memory access time is given. Because the cache is fast, it provides higher-speed access for the CPU; but because it is small, not all requests can be satisfied by the cache, forcing the system to wait for the slower main memory. Assume no page fault occurs. Assume that Question Using Direct Mapping Cache and Memory mapping, calculate Hit Ratio and effective access time of instruction processing. How can I find out which sectors are used by files on NTFS? 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By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. L41: Cache Hit Time, Hit Ratio and Average Memory Access Time | Computer Organization Architecture - YouTube 0:00 / 10:46 Computer Organization and Architecture (COA) Full Course and. Thanks for contributing an answer to Computer Science Stack Exchange! Here hit ratio =h, memory access time (m) =80ns , TLB access time (t) =10ns and Effective memory Access Time (EMAT) =106ns. So, the percentage of time to fail to find the page number in theTLB is called miss ratio. If it takes 100 nanoseconds to access memory, then a Assume no page fault occurs. 4. It takes 20 ns to search the TLB. 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We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Integrated circuit RAM chips are available in both static and dynamic modes.