Emily Almira Vanderbilt 1823-1896 Married in 1839 to William Knapp Thorn 1807-1887. There was a problem getting your location. His descendants were the ones who built the Vanderbilt houses that characterize the United States' Gilded Age. In 1794, a few miles from where his powdered bones eternally lie, within the eight-foot-thick walls of the largest tomb ever built in America, the origin of my family's fortune was born into what would prove to be a very material world. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Encyclopedia.com. It helped bottle up the Virginia, after which Vanderbilt converted it into a cruiser to hunt for the Confederate commerce raider Alabama, captained by Raphael Semmes. The New York Central began to decline in value in the 1920s, and the transportation business changed from one of all rail across country to automobiles, buses, and beginning in the 1930s, commercial aviation. Impressed, Vanderbilt became a secret partner with Drew for the next thirty years, so that the two men would have an incentive to avoid competing with each other. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. One of Vanderbilt's great-great-granddaughters, Gloria Vanderbilt, was a renowned fashion designer, and her youngest son, Anderson Cooper, is a television news anchor. The immediate cause of his death was exhaustion, brought on by long suffering from a complication of chronic disorders. The 8+12-foot-tall (2.6-meter) bronze statue was sculpted by Ernst Plassmann[29] and was originally sited at the Hudson River Railroad depot at St. John's Park[30] before being moved to Grand Central Terminal in 1929.[31]. Biography. retrieved. The fortune was increased to almost $194 million when he died in 1885. George I cannot give you up. Please ensure you have given Find a Grave permission to access your location in your browser settings. But she had her own little language, a kind of lexicon she substituted for the vocabulary of humor she lacked; adages and names and twisting up of words that I guess she thought were funny. In the end, he could not attract enough investment to build the canal, but he did start a steamship line to Nicaragua, and founded the Accessory Transit Company to carry passengers across Nicaragua by steamboat on the lake and river, with a 12-mile (19-kilometer) carriage road between the Pacific port of San Juan del Sur and Virgin Bay on Lake Nicaragua. [17] Vanderbilt also paid to outfit a major expedition to New Orleans. To accomplish this, he undercut prices and also brought a landmark legal caseGibbons v. Ogdento the United States Supreme Court to overturn the monopoly. Few have the opportunities to serve as did Hugh Samuel Johnson (18821942) in war and peace, in the militar, JOHNSON, SIR JOHN. [1] At the time of his death, aged 82, Vanderbilt had an estimated worth of $105 million. 12/13/2022 - Dan Jackson - Vanderbilt University. [8] However, according to the first account of his life, published in 1853, the periauger belonged to his father and the younger Vanderbilt received half the profit. When Vanderbilt was a teen he transported cargo around the New York harbor in his own periauger. You can always change this later in your Account settings. Billy was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey in 1821. He was one of the richest Americans in history. Sophia Johnson was the first wife of Cornelius The Commodore Vanderbilt, They were married on December 19, 1813, They had 13 children together: Phebe in 1814, Ethelinda in 1817, Eliza in 1819, William in 1821, Emily in 1823, Sophia in 1825, Maria in 1827, Frances in 1828, Cornelius Jeremiah in 1830, George. As the sixth of nine children, Cornelius was expected to pull his weight. [21], On April 2, 1882, reportedly after a night spent at a gambling house,[22] the 51-year-old C.J. William H. Vanderbilt, already in possession of the world's largest muttonchops, was ceded control of his father's fortune. Wikiquote (0 entries) edit. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. He then turned to transatlantic steamship lines, running in opposition to the heavily subsidized Collins Line, headed by Edward K. Collins. Your service title Give us a brief description of the service that you are promoting. It was finished in 1871, and served as his lines' terminus in New York. Henry Ford innovated mass-production techniques that became standard, and Ford, read more, The Haymarket Riot (also known as the Haymarket Incident and Haymarket Affair) occurred on May 4, 1886, when a labor protest rally near Chicagos Haymarket Square turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. The Wall Street War to Control the Erie Railroad. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Stapleton, Richmond County, Staten Island, New York. He was inducted in the "Railway Workers & Builders: North America" category. Artist Unidentified Artist Sitter Sophia Johnson Vanderbilt, 7 May 1795 - 1868 Date c. 1840-60 Type Painting Medium Oil on canvas Dimensions 58.4cm x 48.2cm (23" x 19"), Sight Topic Sophia Johnson Vanderbilt: Female Sophia Johnson Vanderbilt: Business and Finance\Businessperson\Proprietor\Innkeeper (Show More) Credit Line Owner: Biltmore Estate He moved with his family to New Brunswick, New Jersey, a stop on Gibbons' line between New York and Philadelphia. American Business Professional Cornelius Vanderbilt was born on 27th May, 1794 in Staten Island, New York City, New York, and passed away on 4th Jan 1877 New York City, New York aged 82. S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Sophia Vanderbilt (Johnson) (7 May 1795 - 17 Aug 1868) 0 references . Encyclopedia.com. He chose to be buried there. He was the first George W., died in youth. JOHNSON, SAMUEL (17091784), English writer, lexicographer, and critic. Cornelius Vanderbilt died on January 4, 1877, at his residence, 10 Washington Place, after having been confined to his rooms for about eight months. [12], In 1856, he married Ellen Williams (18201872) of Hartford, Connecticut, the daughter of a minister. When Vanderbilt died suddenly in 1914 the estate was heavily in debt and the sale of 87,000 acres, creating the Pisgah National Forest, was made to the United States Forest Service. Learn about how to make the most of a memorial. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. x x. Siblings. This left his only other living son, Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt, and 9 daughters (Phebe Jane, Ethelinda, Eliza, Emily Almira, Sophia Johnson, Maria Louisa, Frances Lavinia, Mary Alicia, and Catherine Juliette), to receive comparatively little inheritance; far less than even their young nephews. In 1831, he took over his brother Jacob's line to Peekskill, New York, on the lower Hudson River. He was forever telling me to stop talking and let my brother speak, and wanting only Will with him in the photo when my grandmother pulled out her Brownie. Upon arrival in San Francisco, he abandoned the ship and spent all his money. Wikivoyage (0 entries) edit. These days, it seemed I only spent time with my mother when she was getting ready to leave. 7 August 2020. The Renowned Commodore Dies After Eight Months' Illness His Remarkable Career As A Man Of The World His Wealth Estimated At $100,000,000 Particulars Of His Illness And Death", "The Episcopalians: An American Elite With Roots Going Back To Jamestown", "The American Heritage 40; A ranking of the forty wealthiest Americans of all time (Surprise: Only three of them are alive today)", "Grand Central Terminal to Have Vanderbilt Statue", "Railroad History Story: Jackson's Evolution as a Rail Center", The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt, Appletons' Cyclopdia of American Biography, Steerage Passage Contract - Le Havre to New York on the clipper ship "Admiral" of the Vanderbilt European Steamship Line 1854, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Vanderbilt&oldid=1135926164, 19th-century American railroad executives, Burials at the Vanderbilt Family Cemetery and Mausoleum, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 January 2023, at 18:40. [5] As manager of this memorial you can add or update the memorial using the Edit button below. You are nearing the transfer limit for memorials managed by Find a Grave. In 1864, the Commodore sold his last ships, in order to concentrate on the railroads. It was obvious that he would have preferred me to have Will's quieter disposition--and vice versa. [1] He began working on his father's ferry in New York Harbor as a boy, quitting school at the age of 11. Sophia Vanderbilt (born Johnson), 1795 - 1868 Sophia Vanderbiltwas born in 1795, to Nathaniel Johnsonand Elizabeth Johnson. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Name variations: Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt I. Cornelius Vanderbilt died on January 4, 1877, at his residence, No. Matriarch. The sheer number of Vanderbilts who financed their spending through the existing fortune rather . Phebe (Vanderbilt) Cross (1814-1878) Ethelinda (Vanderbilt) Allen (1817-1889) Eliza (Vanderbilt) Osgood (1819-1890) William Henry Vanderbilt (1821-1885) George Washington Vanderbilt who died in 1864 at the age of 25 just two years after his namesake . Sophiamarried Cornelius Vanderbilton December 19 1813, at age 18 in New York, New York. According to one version of events, he borrowed $100 (equivalent to $1,700 in 2021)[7] from his mother to purchase a periauger (a shallow draft, two-masted sailing vessel), which he christened the Swiftsure. At seventy he had the wherewithal to switch from steamships to railroads. Jack Johnson, who became the first black heavyweight boxing champion in the world in 1908, was the preeminent American, S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Her waist was smaller than mine and she made sure I knew it. He was the first George W., died in youth. Located at the mouth of Hudson River between New York and New Jersey, Ellis Island saw millions of newly arrived immigrants pass read more, The Knights of Labor was founded as a secret society of tailors in Philadelphia in 1869. The mansion contains 178,926 square feet (16,622.8 square meters) of total floor space and originally sat on 125,000 acres (50,600 hectares) of land. Last edited on 13 February 2023, at 09:29, "Suicide of C.J. 1929- (Paul Joseph Vanderwood), https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/vanderbilt-sophia-johnson-1797-1868. During this era, America became read more, John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the worlds wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. Dusty Springfield sang from the phonograph in the corner and I waggled my legs in time to "Wishin' and Hopin'." [27] In real terms, however, Vanderbilt's peak wealth of $105 million in 1877 is only worth US$2.67billion (in 2021 dollars), In 1999, Cornelius Vanderbilt was inducted into the North America Railway Hall of Fame, recognizing his significant contributions to the railroad industry. Florence went on to be the wealthiest of her siblings, as well as the longest lived, and she was without a doubt the biggest spender of them all. The Princess Sophia Crashes into Vanderbilt Reef At 2:00 A.M. on October 24th, the Sophia crashed into Vanderbilt Reef at a speed of about 11 knots. By 1814, British forces pushed U.S. troops out of Canada and sacked Washington, setting fire to the White House and forcing the U.S. government to abandon the city. Telephone: (262) 260-2000 . Sophia Johnson was the first wife of Cornelius "The Commodore" Vanderbilt, They were married on December 19, 1813, They had 13 children together: Phebe in 1814, Ethelinda in 1817, Eliza in 1819, William in 1821, Emily in 1823, Sophia in 1825, Maria in 1827, Frances in 1828, Cornelius Jeremiah in 1830, George in 1832 (who died young in 1836), Mary in 1834, Catherine in 1836, and another son named George in 1839. American businessman and tycoon (17941877), For other people named Cornelius Vanderbilt, see, New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, ferry between Staten Island and Manhattan, History of Grand Central Terminal Grand Central Depot, Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley and Pittsburgh Railroad, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway, "Cornelius Vanderbilt. "The sooner you figure out how to deal with being a female in your father's family, the better." The job provided Vanderbilt the opportunity to learn about the burgeoning steamship industry. If a sister built a summer cottage with forty rooms, the next had to build one with forty-two. The Commodore and his wife named their last son after him. "I'll figure it out, I guess," I'd grumbled. The Story of the Vanderbilts", "The Commodore Left Two Sons | AMERICAN HERITAGE", "Cornelius J. Vanderbilt's Suit. ), The Vanderbilt mansions associated with the Gilded Age, including the Breakers in Newport, Rhode Islandand the Biltmore in Asheville, North Carolina, were built by Cornelius Vanderbilts descendants. Her remains will be taken to Staten Island for interment. This was eventually condensed to Vanderbilt. By the end of the decade, Vanderbilt dominated the steamboat business on the Sound, and began to take over management of the connecting railroads. Son of Cornelius Vanderbilt and Sophia Johnson Vanderbilt. or don't show this againI am good at figuring things out. At seventy he had the wherewithal to switch from steamships to railroads. [15]:391442,474520, In 1869, Vanderbilt directed the Harlem to begin construction of the Grand Central Depot on 42nd Street in Manhattan. Vanderbilt died at age 82 on January 4, 1877, at his Manhattan home, and was buried in the Moravian Cemetery in New Dorp, Staten Island. He personally invested millions in building Grand Central Station, one of the largest train depots in the world. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. how did sophia johnson vanderbilt die. Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt (December 29, 1830 April 2, 1882) was an American member of the Vanderbilt family. Sophia Johnson VanderbiltBirth: May 7, 1795, Staten Island, Richmond County, New York, USA Death: Aug. 17, 1868, New Dorp, Richmond County, New York, USA Vanderbilt - On Monday, Aug. 17, Sophia J. Vanderbilt, wife of Cornelius Vanderbilt, in the 74th year of her age. He began his business by ferrying freight and passengers on a ferry between Staten Island and Manhattan. Reportedly, she even lent her husband a substantial sum to buy controlling interest in a steamboat. Loyalist leader. Vnderbilt, Sophia Johnson (1797-1868) American socialite. Grant. Services at the Moravian Church. Not wanting to risk further public humiliation of the family name in court, William finally settled with his siblings. They remained married until Vanderbilt's death in 1877. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. '"[4] Vanderbilt biographer T. J. Stiles has questioned whether the two may have been lovers, which the elder Cornelius may have suspected. [22], In his will, he left 95% of his $105 million estate to his son William (Billy) and four grandsons through him. [CDATA[ Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. [2] Corneel was also close friends with Schuyler Colfax, who later became the 17th Vice President of the United States under Ulysses S. Thanks for your help! He had his stature alone, being over 6 feet in height but, in the middle of his life even, he was slender, poorly developed, and without physical energy, and as he grew older he began to stoop at the shoulders and to display the wanness and attenuation of features that usually betray the consumptive tendency. However, Corneel was stricken ill when he arrived in San Francisco and drew a draft on his father in order to pay for his return to New York. His second wife, was Frank Armstrong Crawford, who was 45 years younger than Cornelius. Verify and try again. After having a troubled relationship with his father, Cornelius Vanderbilt, he eventually committed suicide at the age of 51. Known as "Dr. Johnson, Johnson, Hugh Samuel I found it unfunny and embarrassing. His wife, mother of his 13 children, was of no use or interest to him after her motherhood duties were completed. Randolph convinced Walker to annul the charter of the Accessory Transit Company, and give the transit rights and company steamboats to him; Randolph sold these to Garrison. Failed to report flower. In 1863, Vanderbilt took control of the Harlem in a famous stockmarket corner, and was elected its president. Born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he entered the then-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland, Ohio read more, Ellis Island is a historical site that opened in 1892 as an immigration station, a purpose it served for more than 60 years until it closed in 1954. "I feel like I live on Eastern Airlines." NAIKI PST02-ST,NAIKI PST02-ST, FELTA (3)1.5 3492141160cmFELTA FT61456146,1.5 / 34834822mm . You may not upload any more photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 20 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 5 photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 30 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 15 photos to this memorial. Distance from the shore was most . Vanderbilt gave little of his vast fortune to charitable works, leaving the $1,000,000 he had promised for Vanderbilt University and $50,000 to the Church of the Strangers in New York City. Her maiden surname is Johnson. He had another brother named George, born in 1832, who died as a toddler. He now lies across the apse from his father, reposing in a kindred niche, beneath a depiction of Paradise. Many of the migrants to California, and almost all of the gold returning to the East Coast, went by steamship to Panama, where mule trains and canoes provided transportation across the isthmus. [10][11] Along with other members of the Vanderbilt family, he helped erect a local Moravian parish church in his city.[12]. He gave Mary and Ethelinda the same settlement. . That year he faced opposition by a steamboat operated by Daniel Drew, who forced Vanderbilt to buy him out. The Erie Railroad War came to a bizarre close when Gould and Fisk gained ultimate control of the railroad, pushing Drew to retire while paying back Vanderbilt for his watered down stocks. At eleven he had dropped out of school, and at sixteen he was piloting his own small ferryboat. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Try again later. [15]:927,3135, When Vanderbilt entered his new position, Gibbons was fighting against a steamboat monopoly in New York waters, which had been granted by the New York State Legislature to the politically influential patrician Robert Livingston and Robert Fulton, who had designed the steamboat. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"RDZaMa77WxsfQic6YOLLntVqBbyecB0WlS3DbfsEffM-86400-0"}; In the early 1850s, during the California Gold Rush, a time before transcontinental railroads, Vanderbilt launched a steamship service that transported prospectors from New York to San Francisco via a route across Nicaragua. JOHNSON, HUGH SAMUEL He invested all of their assets in mining ventures and transportation, and multiplied them. "Vanderbilt, Sophia Johnson (17971868) They moved into a boarding house on Broad Street in Manhattan. [15]:4767, After Thomas Gibbons died in 1826, Vanderbilt worked for Gibbons' son William until 1829. My mother's advice was to (quote) shut up and put up. This account already exists, but the email address still needs to be confirmed. (A year after his first wife died in 1868, Vanderbilt married another female cousin, Frank Armstrong Crawford, who was more than four decades his junior.). Boxer [4] The Dutch van der ("of the") was eventually added to Aertson's village name to create "van der Bilt" ("of the Bilt"). Corneel, Ethelinda and Mary took the matter of their father's will to court, claiming he was not in his right mind in his old age when he drew up the will; that he had been behaving strangely and was under William's influence as well as that of a corrupt spiritualist in his employ, who'd allegedly been approached and paid off by William to do his bidding, according to eyewitness testimony. JOHNSON, SAMUEL (17091784), English writer, lexicographer, and critic. He began his business by ferrying freight and passengers on a ferry between Staten Island and Manhattan. Celebrity Hometown 2022. [2] According to his obituary, "almost immediately after the settlement Cornelius J. went to Europe, accompanied by his particular friend, Mr. Terry, and remained abroad over six months. During the U.S. Civil War, Cornelius Vanderbilt donated his largest and fastest steamship, named the Vanderbilt and built for around $1 million, to the Union Navy. His route was faster than an established route across Panama, and much speedier than the other alternative, around Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America, which could take months. Though the Commodore had once scorned Billy, he was impressed by his son's success. He later explained that he wanted to show that he could take this railroad, which was generally considered worthless, and make it valuable. 1525 Howe Street So there hadn't been any of us for a couple of generations; you'd have thought everyone would be delighted. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. The protection of competitive interstate commerce is considered the basis for much of the prosperity which the United States has generated. His sisters were Adelaide Torrance, who married Meredith Howland, and Marie Torrance, who married John A. Hadden Jr. Alfred was a grandson of Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, He was an equestrian of some reputation in London . Mrs Sophia (Johnson) Vanderbilt, Founding Matriarch of the Vanderbilts. His father thought the epileptic fits were a punishment on himself for his having married his own cousin. [14], After a lengthy court battle,[15][16][17][18][19] William eventually paid Corneel an extra $600,000 ($200,000 in cash and $400,000 in additional trust) allowing him to pay off his debts,[4] including to the estate of the late Horace Greeley, which aggregated to approximately $61,000 including interest. [15]:174205. [16] During the 1850s, Vanderbilt also bought control of a major shipyard and the Allaire Iron Works, a leading manufacturer of marine steam engines, in Manhattan. She had been a good businesswoman and gave me many suggestions and support. In addition, he donated to churches around New York, including a gift to the Moravian Church on Staten Island of .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}8+12 acres (3 hectares) for a cemetery (the Moravian Cemetery). 1600, d. Basing, Hampshire, England, September 1644) 23 Feb. 2023 . ; the Other Side of the Story--a Rather Flimsy Basis to a Suit for $1,000,000 --What a Friend of William H. Vanderbilt Says", "The Vanderbilt Millions. William H. had his father's corpse exhumed and transferred posthaste, post-construction, and interred beneath an elaborate stone relief carving of the Creation.Eight years later, William H. was no doubt surprised at his own removal to the family vault. There is 1 volunteer for this cemetery. When she leaned down, I was afraid she was going to kiss me or something, but instead she remarked with disbelief, "That can't be a pimple on your chin already!" Though both Livingston and Fulton had died by the time Vanderbilt started working for Gibbons, the monopoly was held by Livingston's heirs. Try keep it short so that it is easy for people to scan your page. Ethelinda Vanderbilt 1817-1889 With X Allen. Honestly, you'd think I'd been born to Chinese peasants. Upon his return, his father had him arrested for drawing the draft and committed him to the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum. The land was not developed, and after the death of Corneel's wife in 1872, the Commodore sold the property. "Commodore Vanderbilt and his family: a biographical account of the Descendants of Cornelius and Sophia Johnson Vanderbilt . All Rights Reserved. He was the second son of Cornelius and Phoebe Vanderbilt and "he asked to borrow from his mother $100 for the purchase of a small sailing vessel, with which he hoped to start a small ferry business. ; Cornelius J. Vanderbilt's Suit Against His Brother William", "NRHP nomination for West Hill Historic District", "A Place Grand Enough For The Vanderbilts To Call Home", "The History Box.com| Suicide Of C.J. freightliner cascadia manual regen not allowed; non academic awards for high school students Did you know? A common nickname for important steamboat entrepreneurs, by the end of the 1840s it was applied only to Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt had little choice but to lease it to the War Department, at prices set by ship brokers. [4], According to official records, Corneel was matriculated at Columbia College with the class of 1850, but did not graduate with the class. Please complete the captcha to let us know you are a real person. Wikibooks (0 entries) edit. They had no children. Cornelius Vanderbilt dating history Relationships. In 1869, he tied the knot with Frances Armstrong Crawford, a distant cousin from Alabama who was 45 years younger than him. Matriarch. In particular, he obtained significant loans from Horace Greeley, the editor of the New York Tribune who was a long-time friend. My brother and I had recently come to view her as a glamorous lodger who rented the master bedroom suite. Dictionaries thesauruses pictures and press releases, Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. savannah guthrie announcement leaving today show 0 Vous etes ici: . Following his wife Sophia's death in 1868, Vanderbilt went to Canada. From "Dead End Gene Pool" by Wendy Burden. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Notes ) GED import cited her name as Sophia Johnson. She was so upset that she stood up to the domineering Cornelius and steadfastly refused to leave their Staten Island home and friends. She became the wife of Cornelius Vanderbilt. The sisters, Margaret, Emily, Florence, and Eliza, all married, and spent the remainder of their lives outbuilding one another. You must not desert me now, but must be brave & patient, and give me encouragement and hope for the future. She married Daniel Torrance on 9 May 1846, in New Brunswick, Middlesex, New Jersey, United States. Chris Johnson. Try again. He was the second son of thirteen children born to Cornelius Vanderbilt and Sophia Johnson Vanderbilt, who were first cousins. So he negotiated with Costa Rica, which (along with the other Central American republics) had declared war on Walker. The Commodore had lived in relative modesty considering his nearly unlimited means, splurging only on race horses. Vanderbilt also proved a quick study in legal matters, representing Gibbons in meetings with lawyers. The immediate cause of his death was exhaustion, brought on by long . https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/vanderbilt-sophia-johnson-1797-1868, "Vanderbilt, Sophia Johnson (17971868) //