On a cold evening in October 1899, a young man walked into his uncles dry goods store in Luling, TX and fired four bullets at the Fire House Queen, Mami Jacobs, then turned the gun on himself. - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more. I was arranging baskets in the back, and one of them flew across the room and hit me on my side, said Melissa Pullen, a waitress at the caf. OFFICER CALENTINE: Yes. There are things that I hold that I don't tell anybody. But once on the road, Howerton said, he persuaded her to go to Houston with him. Of those, 35 were for violent crimes such as murder, rape, and robbery. MARK HOWERTON: There's nothin' in here. Were some the result of how Cayley was handled by first responders in their dramatic efforts to save her life? Daniel Conrad: So, we got to see a lot of photographs from the autopsy. Peter Van Sant: Mark Howerton pulls Cayley Mandadi into his car. It was the defendant. OFFICER LEWIS: Again, it's not your room, so you don't have the option here. Morgan Sampson: It was completely destroyed. But Hunter says this new witness would turn that description on its head, supporting the defense claim that Cayley's bruises came after she was admitted to the hospital, and were not caused by Mark Howerton. She never breathed on her own.. JETT BIRCHUM: I wish to assert my rights as provided by the Fifth Amendment. . Violent crimes in Luling are 118% higher than the national average. Mark Philip Howerton, 24, stands in the Bexar County 144th State District Court during the beginning of his murder trial, Tuesday, Dec. 3, 2019. Lexipol. Cayley Mandadi, left, with best friend Taylor Clement. But their roadside sexual encounter turned rough very rough. I think hes attached to her, Peck said. There are no eyewitnesses. OFFICER CHRIS ADAMS: While I was taking photographs of him, I noticed the tops of both of his hands. ALESSANDRA CRANSHAW: Did you have an opportunity when conducting the autopsy to closely examine the skull? I've shoved her. The two victims found shot to death in a car at a . interacts online and researches product purchases DR. SUZANNA DANA: She had a number of what I call blunt force injuries to her face and her head. Howerton, of Tyler, Texas, is accused in the death of 19-year-old Trinity University cheerleader Cayley Mandadi, of League City, Texas in October of 2017. Howerton's friend, Joe Goodwin, was with him. Billy Calzada/San Antonio Express-News via ZUMA Wire, An inside look at the final hours of Cayley Mandadi's life. Alison Steele: OK. She was snoring, like she was breathing, then she just stopped snoring, Howerton told officers on the video. If you have a pulse and your heart's beating. MORGAN SAMPSON: And I invited Cayley to come with me. I first asked, I was like, "Have you seen Cayley?" Peter Van Sant: The medical examiner says the cause of death is complications of blunt force face and head trauma and the manner of death is homicide. He said he rushed her to the nearest hospital, where medical teams tried multiple ways to save her. Once Howerton stepped out of the room, Officer Lewis went in. Peter Van Sant: Tell me the impact of him saying over and over that he's takin' the fifth? In court, Morgan Sampson, Cayley's roommate, recounted a disturbing incident that happened just a few weeks before Cayley's death. It was consensual. According to Dr. Wallach, high blood pressure from MDMA increases the chance of a hemorrhage. John Hunter: The idea that it was open-and-shut is a mistake. John Hunter hands Jett Birchum copies of photos found on his phone. Officials said more than 50 9mm cartridge cases were found on the scene. It was done as the caskets and the families left the stadium for a private burial service. Debbie Peck, a waitress at the shop since it opened and longtime friend of Ehrigs, said staff and patrons grew more sure they were in the midst of a possible haunting as time went on. It's it's a huge thing to see somebody do that. LULING, Texas (KXAN) Police are searching for a suspect wanted in connection with a shooting that took place in a north Luling neighborhood Saturday night. I went to coffee shops in San Marcos and Wimberly, and talked to the people who worked there.. finds relevant news, identifies important training information, Related ALESSANDRA CRANSHAW: I think the best way to tell this story of how this case came about is to start where Cayley Mandadi's life ended. Peter Van Sant: Has your belief that your daughter was beaten in any way been changed by what was presented at trial? BIRCHUM'S ATTORNEY [whispers to Birchum]: Same answer. Mark Philip Howerton, 24, sits in the Bexar County 144th State District Court during a break in his murder trial, Tuesday, Dec. 3, 2019. Thursday, April 21 st, 2022, at around 8:30 p.m., Lockhart Police responded to a stabbing that occurred at the 1100-block of State . I open the door. "He loved his truck, he was always wandering around, if you needed a ride, he'd give you a ride, like I said, he'd always look for others, and tried to take care of everybody else, except himself, saidPlutarco Castro. And her pants and her clothes were in the floorboard by her feet. MARK HOWERTON: Man, no. This is moderately more dangerous than the rest of the United States, but still about average. ALESSANDRA CRANSHAW: Is that a skull fracture? JOHN HUNTER: In the course of your workings as a drug dealer, part of the profession requires that you document the materials that you are trying to sell to people, correct? Luling, TX | Crime Rates Luling is a region located in TX, and has a population of This region is policed by LULING POLICE DEPARTMENT. I was so scared it brought tears to my eyes.. Click here to donate to Klayton Manning's account. DAVID LUNAN: And that was alarming to you? Or did she suffer from a fall at the music festival? Or, "Have you heard from her?" Crime in Luling, Texas Crime is ranked on a scale of 1 (low crime) to 100 (high crime) Luling violent crime is 24.9. Since her death, Steele visits Cayley's room every day. JOHN HUNTER: So, CPR can cause a lot of different injuries, not just simply superficial ones. ALESSANDRA CRANSHAW: Did she seem worried about breaking up with him? Chesser was transported to Seton Hospital in Kyle where he later died from his injuries. The only person who could counter Howerton's story was dead. City of Luling Mayor Mike Hendricks issued a Proclamation in recognition and honor of the Luling Police Department for supporting our community day in and day out throughout the year. Luling, TX is a small town in Central Texas once highly populated as an oil town. He's here because the photos may implicate Birchum in serious crimes. We don't see any fractures to the nose. A big THANK YOU to all our law enforcement! Luling Texas My Chances of Becoming a Victim of a Violent Crime 1 in 263 in Luling 1 in 220 in Texas Luling VIOLENT CRIMES Population: 5,518 United States VIOLENT CRIMES Population: 331,888,310 Property Crime Property Crime Comparison (per 1,000 residents) 100 75 50 25 0 16.49 21.91 National Median: 19 One month into this new relationship with Howerton, Cayley's life would take a fatal turn. And after spending the previous night with him, it confirmed that, like, she wanted to be back with me. Her mother says Cayley was a happy person who was trusting, warm and always smiling. MORGAN SAMPSON: The defendant. But at the same time, I was mentally prepared for that outcome. In 2020, there were 1.31 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (2.13k people) in Luling, TX than any other race or ethnicity. What will ending the COVID-19 emergency look like in the US? ". When officers asked him if the sex was consensual, he said yes. If convicted of murder, Howerton, who has been out on bond, faces up to life in prison. All rights reserved. Then, friend Dominique Hussain received an ominous Snapchat. Prosecutors hope they can provide eyewitness details of Howerton's stormy history with Cayley. Prosecutors thought it was an open-and-shut case, though it would prove anything but. Howerton was arrested on February 28, 2018 and charged with sexual assault, murder and later with kidnapping. She had bruises on her I just remember seeing. This is a list of notable male murderers who committed their murders in Texas, USA. John Hunter [in his office]: We have no clue what they're thinking. Based on those dates and. Earlier Tuesday, jurors heard an audio recording of Howerton and also saw a body camera video interview of him in which he tells officers that the couple argued after they left the music festival when Mandadi saw an ex-boyfriend there. First published on September 19, 2020 / 11:07 PM. Find Your Attorney. She had no heartbeat, no pulse, no blood pressure, Handshy told the panel. Luling Police Department &911 Communications Center, Dispatch or Non-Emergency Line: 830-875-2411, The Luling Police Department is currently staffed by 15 sworn officers, 5 non sworn dispatchers and 2 civilian administrative personnel. UPDATE (2/18, 8:30 A.M.) - Tyler police released the identities of the three people who died in what they believe was a double murder-suicide earlier this week. We didn't know if it'd take days. document.write (em_); THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS SITE IS PROVIDED AS A PUBLIC SERVICE ONLY AND SHOULD NOT BE USED TO THREATEN, INTIMIDATE, OR HARASS. In his last interview with law enforcement, the same day that Cayley was removed from life support, Howerton changed his story. Price cut: $33,000 (Nov 8) 4265 Mineral Springs Rd, Lockhart, TX 78644. GoFundMe accounts has been created to help the Manning and Robinson families. And that's when I started CPR. That's 117.68% higher than the national rate of 387.8 per 100,000 people. Cayley, just 19 years old, had suffered a traumatic brain injury. Three months after Cayley Mandadi's death, her autopsy report was released. Discuss this city on our hugely popular Texas forum, Registered sex offenders in Luling, Texas, Crime in Luling detailed stats: murders, rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries, thefts, arson. Cayley told Mark that she still had feelings for her ex, Jett Birchum. Do Not Sell My Personal Information, If you need further help setting your homepage, check your browsers Help menu, LODD: Buffalo firefighter dies after being trapped in blaze, N.Y. authorities release name of Buffalo firefighter killed in downtown fire, Ala. FD lieutenant fights to keep rank after scheduling incident, Mo. Those who knew him say he had an outgoing personality and a true love for helping out any event. Luling, TX 78648 $256,814 Redfin Estimate 3 Beds 1 Bath 1,431 Sq Ft Off Market About This Home 715 S Walnut Ave is a 1,431 square foot house on a 0.41 acre lot with 3 bedrooms and 1 bathroom. (The US average is 35.4) NOTE: Click on the links below to see charts for each crime category. MARK HOWERTON [police interview]: I was pretty much saying "You need to get over this dude. Then, three months later, her autopsy report was released. He testified that he saw Howerton and Cayley "having an intense conversation" and Cayley "trying to create space" and "get away." Violent Crimes - Murder Rape Robbery Assault [Puts his hands in his lap.]. FireRescue1 is revolutionizing the way the fire service community 196 Falcon Dr, Luling, TX 78648 COLDWELL BANKER D'ANN HARPER, $265,000 3 bds 2 ba 1,620 sqft - House for sale Price cut: $5,000 (Jan 18) 16485 E Interstate Highway 10, Luling, TX 78648 TARPON BLUE REAL ESTATE $442,000 26 acres lot - Lot / Land for sale 274 days on Zillow 193 Eagle Dr, Luling, TX 78648 RIATA REAL ESTATE $350,000 4 bds 2 ba coffee, ghosts, luling, paranormal, Texas. But first they pulled into a nearby car wash to take drugs. Mark Philip Howerton, 24, center left, walks out of the Bexar County 144th State District Court during a break in his murder trial, Tuesday, Dec. 3, 2019. Look for a box or option labeled Home Page (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari) or On Startup (Chrome). JOE GOODWIN: He breaks out a bag of Molly. LULING, Texas The man charged in the murder of 18-year-old Firefighter Klayton Manning and his cousin last week reportedly thought there were aliens in chasing him when he opened fire. Alison Steele: What she told me was, "I don't know that he wants a serious relationship." TARPON BLUE REAL ESTATE. Both sides say they are not backing down. And then we continue on towards the festival. / CBS News. It will be open to the public. There is some debate as to how Luling got its name. He also said Mandadis injuries easily could have occurred while doctors were trying to revive her. Daniel Conrad: I was ready for this trial to begin for a very long time. Lawrence Baitland: We didn't know what to expect. Their side of the story doesn't make sense; it doesn't add up. His exact words were, "I exaggerated.". As of 2020, 10.1% of Luling, TX residents were born outside of the country (593 people). Evidence, investigators believe, that Howerton did hit Cayley. And then we proceeded to drive towards the festival. JOHN HUNTER: Things are not always as they seem. Feel free to comment if you have any news, or e-mail us at lulingledger@gmail.com. In Luling you have a 1 in 51 chance of becoming a victim of crime. Taylor Clement: The one of us like smiling at prom is my absolute favorite picture. The state refocuses on Cayley and the man they say murdered her. Daniel Conrad was a student at Trinity University, and the editor of the school newspaper, when Cayley died. It is FREE! We don't see any kind of fractures on the face. John Hunter: Correct. She was born in Los Angeles, Calif. On January 1, 1951, to Ambrose Jerome Conover and Georgia Lee Chase Conover, and often reminisced and shared fond memories of living in California as a child, before moving to Luling, Texas. I just had a bad feeling in the back of my head when she stopped snoring So, I looked over at her like "Cayley, Cayley." Her roommate, Morgan Sampson, recounts one particularly disturbing incident just a few weeks before Cayley's death. And he needs help. "The community of Luling is very tight-knit, they're extraordinarily supportive of one another, they're definitely shepherding over this family and helping them through this difficult time, said Martin Ritchey, Homeland Security director for the Capitol Area of Governments. Use our free directory to instantly connect with verified Second Degree Murder attorneys. Luling crime rates are 16% lower than the national average. The meals at The Coffee Shop are known for being served with tender loving care, and coworkers said Ehrig has been known to come from home and open the store at the call of hungry roughnecks as early as sunrise. In December 2019, two years after Cayley Mandadi's disturbing demise, Mark Howerton is finally brought to trial for allegedly kidnapping, assaulting and murdering her. Do Not Sell My Personal Information. And that's in the car of this defendant. "He was the funniest kid ever, he'd light up the room he'd walk into. Now, two 13-year-olds, a girl and a boy, are charged in his murder. Whatever the jury thinks about how Cayley died, they're about to learn much more about her troubled love life with Mark Howerton. Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, I am declaring a mistrial. JETT BIRCHUM: As she's tryin' to step away, I see him reach out his right arm and hook it around her shoulder and pull her in closer. JOHN HUNTER: Mr. Birchum I'd like you to take a look at these This consists of several large bags of marijuana, does it not? Previously cities included Luling TX and Kyle TX. Police said the remains were found near a "high-profile missing person case" The Attorney General's Office ruled out the remains belonging to the missing person. Taylor Clement: She was gonna be my maid of honor and godmother to my children and there was no doubt about that. Howerton said he then began performing CPR while he was driving on Interstate 10 and was looking for a hospital. Cayley's neighbor, Caro Cortez, describes what she heard next door while Cayley was away. Howerton said after sex, Cayley passed out. And he said, "She can't talk right now," and then hung up the phone. Allison Steele: Not in the slightest. JUDGE RAYMOND ANGELINI: After careful deliberation and discussion, unfortunately we cannot come to a unanimous decision. DR. WILLIAM ANDERSON: I reviewed the medical examiner's autopsy, medical records and the photos which were included with the autopsy. Luling Police Department & 911 Communications Center 1800 E. Pierce St Luling, TX 78648 Monday-Friday 8 a.m.-5 p.m. Closed on City Holidays 911 Center Open 24 hours Emergency: 911 Dispatch or Non-Emergency Line: 830-875-2411 Fax: 830-875-0113 Admin: 830-875-5407 Fax: 830-875-3389 Ive never punched her. JOHN HUNTER: Were you aware that there was a Title IX investigation against you? I never hit her. Is that correct? Right? She didn't take his texts, didn't take his phone calls, nothing. Complicating the investigation was that there were no witnesses. JOHN HUNTER: And that differs from the testimony that you gave to the grand jury, doesn't it? Why? During 47 minutes of brutal cross examination, Birchum "takes the fifth" 30 times when asked about his drug activity while on probation. Haynes is being held in the Caldwell County Jail with a $500,000 bond on a capital murder charge. SHARYL LANE: She was exposed all the way down. And he gives Cayley some, he gives me some. 11 czerwca 2022 . For help near. Jump to a detailed profile, search site with google or try advanced search. JOHN HUNTER: You observed bruising on the inside of her legs, correct? "Did she fall out of an airplane? Murder. Alison Steele: Some enormous fatal, physical trauma. I felt we owed it to her, Handshy said, referencing her age. But I want Cayley's story to be used to help other people. Panicked, they kept trying to contact Cayley. JETT BIRCHUM: Yes, ma'am. OFFICER LEWIS: anything's missin' here. Like clockwork, Peck said, faucets and sinks will mysteriously overflow in the proprietors absence. Was she thrown off a bridge? DOMINIQUE HUSSAIN: I got a video recording of Mark Howerton saying, "Go f- yourself, you stupid bitches.". Their daughter, once so full of life, was now brain dead. First respondersfrom across Central Texas came to honor 18-year-old Klayton Manning and his 16-year-old cousin, Landin Robinson. Alison Steele: Like everybody else, I'd try not to look at him too much. Daniel Conrad: Everyone felt some degree of loss mourning the death of a fellow Trinity student. The remains will be submitted to the University of North Texas Center for Human Identification. 89.08% higher than the Texas violent crime rate of 446.5 per 100,000 people. But, at trial, his version of events would soon be dramatically challenged, surprising everyone. The Southeast Caldwell County Volunteer Fire Department said on social media they would be escorting Manning and Robinson back to Luling from Austin on Monday. To back up his claim, defense attorney John Hunter attacks Birchum's credibility, asserting that Birchum lied to investigators about what he really saw that day. And that's that's high. When Mark Howerton arrived at the emergency room, Cayley Mandadi was in the passenger seat of his car, unconscious. Luling, a town of around 5,800, is 140 miles west of Houston along I-10. but of course, we didn't want to let her go. By clicking Sign Up, I confirmthat I have read and agreeto the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. The glass door to the balcony had been cracked, and Cayley's clothes were scattered in the trees. And all he's gotta do in exchange for that is testify. Mark Philip Howerton, 24, center left, walks out of the Bexar County 144th State District Court during a break in his murder trial, Tuesday, Dec. 3, 2019. The Luling Ledger is dedicated to telling the stories of Luling that may otherwise never be known. Howerton told police that on the night of the concert the couple took party drugs and had consensual sex. City Market is one of Texas's most-storied 'que joints serving up only 3 meats brisket, sausage, and ribs and still following a 50-year old tradition of "no forks." So slather up your meat in the glorious barbecue sauce and prepare to get messy! Luling is a city located in Caldwell County Texas.With a 2023 population of 5,656, it is the 377th largest city in Texas and the 6121st largest city in the United States. 0.0331. Theresa's relationship status is . [5] Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Culture 5 Education 6 Notable people 7 References 8 External links History Your chance of being a victim of murder in Luling may be as high as 1 in 25,810 in the northwest neighborhoods, or as low as 1 in 31,901 in the southwest part of the city. John Hunter: We're talking about a charge that if he's convicted of it, it's life in prison. JOSEPH GOODWIN: He was getting steadily angrier 'cause he did not wanna wait on her. FOX 7 Austin was told that Manning wanted to be a firefighter in San Marcos. Updated: 6:57 PM CDT Aug 2, 2016. Ben Jacobs had fallen in love with his first-cousin, and was devastated when she turned down his marriage proposal, denouncing any romantic love for the man. DAVID LUNAN: Do you see that Mark Howerton here in the courtroom this afternoon? I mean you want her to be your best friend. Property Crime Rates In Luling 67 Property Crimes 1,131.2 Property Crimes / 100k People -42.23% Below National Average There will be no verdict. Accordingly, you should confirm the accuracy and completeness of all posted information before making any decision related to any data presented on this site. Home Value*. There they drank alcohol and took MDMA a drug known as Molly or ecstasy. MARK HOWERTON: We didn't have sex at the gas station, we had sex somewhere before the gas station. LULING, Texas - The Luling community paid its final respects to two teens who were killed in Caldwell County two weeks ago. Peter Schweitzer is the senior producer. An emergency room doctor told a jury Tuesday that a 19-year-old Trinity University cheerleader "was more dead than alive" when her boyfriend brought her to a hospital on a Sunday night two years. He then said somethin' along the lines of, like, "That's bull. At her daughter's desk, Steele has tirelessly worked to turn her grief into action. saying violent things and doing violent things. 220 days on Zillow. Later, one of Manning's teaches told FOX 7 Austin of the gift he was given, aflag that his former student brought and now remains in his classroom. The victims mother, Alison Steele, is at center right. Cayley Mandadi and her ex-boyfriend Jett Birchum. CARO CORTEZ: There was some banging and we could hear a male's voice saying "I'm gonna smash your face in." Here's this person. At first I just figured it was an old building, Ehrig said. She was a sophomore studying communications at Trinity University, a small liberal arts school in San Antonio. He challenges the prosecution's claims that Cayley was beaten. A 30-year-old man faces three counts of attempted first-degree murder after investigators said he shot his father-in-law during an argument in Luling. It's frustrating that the jury doesn't know about it. As Ehrig sat pouring over the restaurants finances one evening in her back-room office, she said she heard loud bangs originating in the main part of the shop, but could not find their source. I love coffee, so it just seemed like the thing to do.. According to our research of Texas and other state lists, there were 85 registered sex offenders living in Luling as of February 19, 2023. Then I saw Mark reach and grab her with his right arm. Deon Cockrell,. His name was Jett Birchum. When Howerton went to pick Cayley up at her dorm room for the second day of the festival, she wasn't there. John Hunter: Why should they get another bite at the apple? MARK HOWERTON: Can I find out an update on her, please? Friends say Howerton later smashed Cayley's laptop on the street. Cayley Mandadi, 19, was a typical Texas teenager navigating life through school, sports and boys. So, like I said, it's like a crack in an eggshell, and that is a skull fracture. JOHN HUNTER: And it differs from the testimony that you gave today, right? But the symptoms she was presenting were consistent with that patient history. We really need the system to work in this case. The prosecution plans to retry the case a decision John Hunter strongly disagrees with, since, he says, their star witness Jett Birchum lied to the grand jury. MORGAN SAMPSON: At that point, Mark and Cayley were out on the balcony. MARK HOWERTON: I can call her right now if you want proof. This is a terrible, terrible accident. Just hours after the jury begins deliberations, John Hunter unexpectedly learns of a new witness who claims to have seen crucial evidence that was not introduced at trial. ALESSANDRA CRANSHAW: Now who answered when you FaceTimed Cayley? Updated: Apr 22, 2022 / 10:23 PM CDT. Luling is a city in Caldwell County, Texas, United States, along the San Marcos River. John Hunter: He had got the golden ticket. It was updated on June 12, 2021. Year over year crime in Luling has decreased by 10%. and help to honor America's fallen firefighters. Luling TX real estate listings updated every 15min. SAN ANTONIO Luling Police say they found a woman shot to death and a man in critical condition early Monday morning. Alison Steele: It was very emotional. While the medical team fought for Cayley's life, police interviewed and photographed Mark Howerton. Luling homes for sale range from $12.9K - $7.58M with the avg price of a 2-bed single family home of $443K. She told her ex-boyfriend, Jett Birchum, that she wanted to get back with him. During 2017, the arrest rate totaled 236.50316.54 per 10,000 residents. Mandadi, a student at Trinity, was pronounced brain dead Oct. 30, 2017, and died Oct. 31 after she was removed from life support. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate. ALESSANDRA CRANSHAW: I'm showing you what's been marked State's Exhibit Number One. Right? For more information visit <www.zedlermill.com> or call (830) 875-3214, ext. That's when I started freaking out. Ive had people tell me I had a demon spirit in here, Ehrig said. Luling Zedler Mill Paddling Trail will . Hes charged with murder, sexual assault and attempted kidnapping in the death of his girlfriend, Cayley Mandadi of League City. Joseph Anderson III, 54, is being held in the Caldwell County Jail on $750,000 bond. Dr. Suzanna Dana performed the autopsy and prosecutors now hope her testimony will convince jurors that Howerton beat Cayley to death. But Steele says it was typical "young" love and by sophomore year they were on again, off again. Jerry Lara, San Antonio Express-News / Staff photographer, S.A.-area rancher catches the hearts of American Idol judges, USAA wants some remote employees in the office three days a week, Take a look inside this $3.5 million 'mystery' mansion. The restaurant is located on historic Davis street, and in the 1940s served as a movie theater and boxing ring. Combined with consuming large amounts of alcohol. And not knowing how it happened. Lawrence Baitland and Alison Steele believe their daughter was beaten to death. After just 10 hours of deliberating over two days, the jury sends a final note to the judge. 2 bedrooms (5 homes) $164,790. During cross-examination, defense attorney John Hunter grilled Jett Birchum about what he says he saw that day. John Hunter | Defense attorney: I think that there were problems with her relationship with Jett. One of our regulars comes in at 7:00 am every Saturday and orders biscuits, gravy and sausage.. I miss that. MARK HOWERTON: Why wasn't she responding? MARK HOWERTON: It was just a parking lot. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting.