of Civil Engineering VAST. Arrows are used for this purpose. From determining property boundaries to preparing construction sites, surveyors rely on certain equipment to do their jobs properly. h2 = D tan α2. If it is used as in hand, the graduated . Main Menu; . Classification on the Basis of Instruments Used. Plane table surveying is suitable for. Plane table surveying is not suitable in case of. Arrows are made up of 4 mm diameter steel wire with one end sharpened and other end bent into a loop. The level tube is used for the temporary adjustment of the instrument. e. Archaeological survey: This is used for finding rests of . which prevents the direct measurement of . Since triangle is the only figure that can be plotted . The process of determining the locations of the instrument station by drawing re sectors from the locations of the known stations is called a) radiation b) intersection c) resection d) traversing Answer: c. 87. they are used for recording the chain length measured. Chain or tape, Arrows, Pegs, Ranging rods, Offset rods, Laths or whites, Plumb bob, Cross staff and Mallet. Based on the instrument used; surveys can be classified into; i) Chain tape surveys ii) Compass surveys iii) Plane table surveys iv) Theodolite surveys Equipment used in chain surveying The equipment can be classified in four broad headings: A. 2. 15 Equipment For Chain Survey Survey Engineering. Write the different types of Chain. In chain surveying, the area to be surveyed is divided into a number of triangles. Surveying is classified based on various criteria including the instruments used, purpose, the area surveyed and the method used. . The principle of chain survey is . SURVEYING Introduction Introduction to Surveying Definition: Surveying is the science and art of determining the. There are three basic types of level instruments, namely: 1) Dumpy Levels 2) Engineers' Tilting Levels The Gunters chain was a series of links attached to a handle which included an adjustment for wear. Study Resources. Chaining Free, Vision Obstructed 2. a) All types of ground b) Fairly leved ground c) Uneven ground d) Lands contains huge numbers of details. The three main obstacles in chaining of a line are of the following types: 1. In conventional surveying, chain and tape are used for making linear measurements while compass and ordinary theodolites are used for making angular measurements. Chains are formed of straight links of galvanized mild steel wire called links. Principles of Survey Methodology Labor & Workplace Studies 188 -3 and Chicano Studies 191 -5. Supply Chain - India - Supply Chain - India Allogistx International Inc. 2130 Huntington Drive suit 205 South Pasadena, CA 91030 info@Allogistx.com Office: 323.254.9550 | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view. no angular measurements are made. Classification Based On Instrument Used i. Chain/Tape Survey: This is the simple method of taking the linear measurement using a chain or tape with no angular measurements made. 9 . Chain: Chains are used to measure horizontal distances. 3.1.2.5 Setups Whenever possible, the instrument should be used in areas where operation is not dangerous to the instrument operator or the instrument. The cross-staff is an instrument that is used to measure altitudes and angles consisting of a trigonometrically graduated staff and over it, one or more perpendicular vanes are moving. Here the following topics of Surveying are discussed: You are reading a preview. OBJECTS Rods are commonly used in early highway right-of way descriptions. The art of finding the details of alternative alignments found suitable during the reconnaissance survey is known as preliminary survey. 32. The instrument used for accurate centering in plane table survey is a) spirit level b) alidade c) plumbing fork d) trough compass . A land surveyor uses instruments to make precise measurements of the earth's surface. Chaining Obstructed, Vision Free 3. This method is suitable for fairly level ground covering small areas. 2. Applied Research Methods in the LA . The arrow has a loop of diameter 50mm at one end whereas the other end is pointed for a length of 15mm. Chain used for Chain Surveying Each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. (vi) A plumb-bob. (ii) Ground is fairly level. It may also be considered as an applied science, because field and office procedures rely upon a systematic body of knowledge. Based on instrument: Chain Survey Chain Survey . Steel Band or Band Chain- #3. Chain Surveying : This is the simple type of surveying in which only linear measurements are taken with a chain or tape. 2. The framework must mostly consist of triangles. Types of Surveys: Geodetic Surveying: The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth. Measure the Horizontal distance between the instrument station and the object (D). The various instruments used in chain surveying are as follows. A rod is 1/4 of a chain or 16.5 feet. 30m chain - 150 links 1 links - 20cm Links of chain are made by mild steel wire - 4mm diameter. surveying, a means of making relatively large-scale, accurate measurements of the Earth's surfaces. 7. Classification based upon the instrument used: a. B C A D The field measurements must be arranged in way that it can be drawn by the triangles. 12 MEASURING TAPE A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible form of ruler. Chaining and Vision Both Obstructed. View surveying.ppt from ENGINEERIN 201 at University of the East, Caloocan. (vii) About 2 dozen pegs (the actual number depends upon the extent of survey). Chain or Tape- #2. AIM : Locating various object by chain & cross staff survey APPARATUS: Chain, Ranging rod, Arrows, Cross-staff, Metallic Survey (Tape) THEORY: Cross-Staff is the simplest instrument used for setting out perpendicular i.e taking offsets from a chain line. Engineers use several different types of civil engineering surveys, including: Construction surveying: Construction surveying is useful for assessing the arrangement of the buildings, roads, power lines, gas mains and other structures surrounding potential construction sites. Marking stations. c) All climates except wet climate. View surveying.ppt from ENGINEERIN 201 at University of the East, Caloocan. 86. It is considered to be more precise and speedy than the regular chain survey, compass or plane-table surveying and is commonly used in engineering fields for land surveying, route surveying and . iii. • Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. The practice of surveying is an art, because it is dependent up on the skills, judgments and experience of surveyor. COMPASS SURVEYING:STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS AND AREA CALCULATION Abhilasha P S Sr. Geodetic surveying is the responsibility of the national surveying and mapping organization, which undertake geodetic surveys, using precise instruments and surveying techniques to a very high order of accuracy over relatively large areas. In general, surveying is performed to determine the relative location or positioning of points on or near the earth's surface. 2. Linear measurement In engineering survey, the linear horizontal distance is to be measured to complete a survey. 5. instrument from the case, carefully grip it with both hands, but do not grip the vertical circle standard or where pressure will be exerted on tubular or circular level vials. Steel . . Chains and Tapes. Volume of the earth work may be calculated by (A) Mean areas (B) End areas (C) Trapezoidal (D) All the above. With such surveying instruments, survey work will be slow and tedious. From determining property boundaries to preparing construction sites, surveyors rely on certain equipment to do their jobs properly. A land surveyor uses instruments to make precise measurements of the earth's surface. To measure altitude or the distance of an object above sea level or the horizon the cross-staff is used and it is an early navigational tool. Subtense bar is an instrument used for (A) Levelling (B) Measurement of horizontal distances in plane areas (C) Measurement of horizontal distances in undulated areas (D) Measurement of angles. 2. Surveys can be further classified into categories depending on the purpose, instruments, techniques used, etc. Then, with the help of computer software, they stitch and layer the images, creating a model of the site. Method, Instrument) Plane table survey PPT. In land surveying, this is achieved during the reconnaissance study. Revenue Chain- What is Chain Surveying? as a' b' = ab = i. Below is a summary of eight different types of surveying equipment and their uses: 1. Survey data is portrayed graphically by the construction of maps, profiles, cross sections, and diagrams. linrlier times. Plane table surveying is . TYPES OF LEVEL INSTRUMENTS The level is an instrument with a telescope and bubble tube which is used for measuring differences in elevation between various points. It is tapered These rings provide the flexibility to the chains. Object of surveying. Operations Involved in Chain Surveying Various operations involved in the process of chain surveying are as follows: (a) Marking the stations (b) Ranging (c) Measurement of survey lines (d) Offset measurements. The lengths are measured by chain or tape and the directions identified by angle measuring instruments. Arrows (Arrows in Surveying)- #4. regardless of the survey instrument or method used. Most of the modern levelling instruments are designed with internal focusing telescope. If the plot for surveying has numerous obstacles and undulations which prevents chaining. ii. What are the instruments required for a chain survey? Traversing is the approach of control survey (Control Surveys are used to create long-term, sustainable reference points that can be utilized as the foundation for and throughout the lifecycle of a project) to establish control points (reference points). (ii) Observation and Measurement The measurement type can be divided as, direct measurement method, optical measurement method and . . SURVEYING Introduction Introduction to Surveying Definition: Surveying is the science and art of determining the. Answer: Option . few surveying instruments Vt ere in use, and surxevs "ere classified based upon the instruments used. H .TANDON for the civil engineering students. One of the first chains used in the U.S. was the Gunters chain. There are mainly two types of telescope, (1) the external focusing telescope, and (2) the internal focusing telescope. 1.4 IMPORTANCE OF SURVEYING Surveying is one of the world's oldest and most important arts Design: survey instrument ; 20 • Standards for good survey questions • Question wording • Feasible and ethical • Biased wording • Biased context ; These surveys are of high precision and extend over large areas. The following instruments are required for measurements with chain and tape: [1] ARROWS When the length of the line to be measured is more than a chain length, there is need to mark the end of the chain length. The measurement of this linear horizontal distance between two points on the earth surface is known as linear measurement. (i) A chain with a set of ten arrows. The ratio (f / i) is a constant orf a particular instrument and is known as stadia interval factor, also instrument constant. 31. Those used for measuring linear measurements B. (iii) Area is open and. 2. Compass Survey: Here horizontal angular measurements are made using magnetic compass with the linear measurements made using the chain or tape. Adjustable cross-staff can be used to set any angle also since there are graduations and the upper drum can be rotated over a lower drum. Plane Table Survey. Geological survey: This is used for determining different strata in the earth's crust. Some of the important equipment used in surveying include theodolite, compass, auto-level, chains, tapes, leveling staff, total station, etc. These variances are known as errors and will need to be reduced or eliminated to maintain specific survey standards. (iv) Details to be filled up are simple and less. In chain surveying only linear measurements are made i.e. The length of chain is the distance . h1 = D tan α1. The horizontal distances are usually measured with a measuring tape or chain. Surveying is basically conducted for measuring the linear parameters as well as the angular parameters for the establishment of points by means of which the plans and maps can be prepared. Chaiiis. Chain survey b. Theodolite survey c. Tacheometric survey d. Compass survey e. Plane table survey f. Photographic survey g. Which is the following method is adopted for plane table surveying. 5. • Levelling or leveling is a branch of surveying, the object of which is to Find the elevation of a given point with respect to the given or . Metric chain (ii). Plane Table Survey by GAURAV. In one of the methods, the angle measuring instrument used is the compass. Study Resources. View Answer. Linear measurement can be achieved by various instruments. Sharp hard pencil (4 H), good quality eraser, pencil cutter and sandpaper to keep pencil point sharp are other accessories need for drawing work. Introduction - land surveying - uses in agriculture. 1.2. This is suitable for the survey of small areas with simple details and an area that is fairly. Which of the following method is adopted to solve the three-point problem. Lecture 1. a) Small scale map. Get all your industrial equipment from Ejawda. It shows the natural features of a country, such as towns, villages, roads, railways, rivers, etc. Definition. Main Menu; . The principle of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton framework of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are pre-determined either with a chain or a surveying tape. Classification Based On Instrument Used i. Chain/Tape Survey: This is the simple method of taking the linear measurement using a chain or tape with no angular measurements made. Classification Based on Instruments Used : 1. It consists of a ribbon Instrument-based Surveys. If the surveying area is large, chain surveying is not adopted for surveying rather compass surveying is employed. It is an oblong book of size 200 mm × 120 mm, which can be carried in the pocket. An irregular building or a building having a complex geometry can be also be located using the same method. The object height = h1 + h2. Write the names of the instruments used in chain surveying. Based on which the vertical difference between two points is determined, it is a rough estimation and used rarely. (iii) About one dozen ranging rods (the actual number depends upon the extent of survey). The following pdf lecture is created by GAURAV. Leveling work is carried out using a Dumpy level and a leveling staff. H .TANDON 405030 views. compasses, plane tables, and-theodolites were the only instruments used. Chains are the measuring instrument used in surveying formed by the 100 links of 4mm galvanized mild steel wire. TYPES OF LEVELING 4. 6. This is the method to find the height of an object using a vertical angle by using . 1 . Analyzing this information makes it easier to plan construction projects. So in this method of leveling, the atmospheric pressure at two different points are observed. Plane Surveying: The type of surveying in which the mean surface Chain used for Chain Surveying Clips, clamps and adhesive tapes /Chain might be used for fixing drawing sheet into the table. it is 300 to 400mm in length. Apart from serving national interests, geodetic 1. Winter Quarter 2014. . List of Instruments used for Chain Surveying The following are the tools and equipments that I had mentioned in my previous post :- Arrows Pegs Ranging Rods Offset Staff / Rods Plum Bobs Arrows Arrows also known as making pins or chaining pins are made of tempered steel wire 4mm in diameter and generally 10 arrows are supplied with a chain. • As a triangles is the only simple plane of geometrical figure which can be plotted from the lengths of the three sides even if the angels are not known. It includes linear and angular measurement. The surveyor inspects the area to be surveyed, survey or prepares index sketch or key plan. Measurements are used to do the work precisely and accurately. PRINCIPAL OF CHAIN SURVEYING • The principal of chain surveying is to divide the area into a number of triangles of suitable sides. Chaining is a more exact measurement using two people with a 66-foot steel tape and a compass. Instruments used in Chain Survey Chain, 20m or 30m long Tape Arrows Ranging rods Wooden or Iron Pegs Plumb bob Cross staff Chain used for Surveying 20m chain - 100 links 30m chain - 150 links 1 links - 20cm Links of chain are made by mild steel wire - 4mm diameter.