After defeating his predecessor, Vitellius, and seeing to his death, Vespasian's path to emperor was made clear. With the construction of the Colosseum, Vespasian's reign as emperor will continue to stand the test of time. Character Overview The Oxford Companion to British History. vespasian leadership style. The fall of the city marked the effective conclusion of a four-year campaign against the Jewish insurgency in Judaea. Omissions? Vespasian was the son of Titus Flavius Sabinus, a Roman moneylender, debt collector, and tax collector. This pause was surprising, and it was accompanied by the fact that at this moment, with his son Titus as intermediary, Vespasian settled certain differences he had had with the neighbouring governor of Syria, Gaius Licinius Mucianus. Vespasian was a Roman emperor (69-79 CE) whose fiscal reforms and consolidation of the empire made his reign a period of political stability and funded a vast Roman building program which included the Temple of Peace, the Colosseum, and restoration of the capitol. His wife Domitilla and his daughter Domitilla both died before Vespasian became Emperor in 69. [39] Additionally, Vespasian made significant attempts to control public perception of his rule. Autocratic leadership style. Vespasian was a Roman emperor (69-79 CE) whose fiscal reforms and consolidation of the empiremade his reign a period of political stability and funded a vast Roman building program which included the Temple of Peace, the Colosseum, and restoration of the capitol. Vespasian is often credited with restoring political stability to Rome following the chaotic reigns of his predecessors. As emperor, he restored peace to the Romans while he saw to the rebuilding of the city itself. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. DOMITIAN. JBW: Many thanks for speaking with me yet again, Dr. Esa Dozio.For thousands of years, people have viewed the Rhine River as a boundary of sorts, dividing northern and southern Europe. He worked hard, and more . The Roman people loved Vespasian and his sons, and they also enjoyed the peace that his reign afforded them. Josephus (as well as Tacitus), reporting on the conclusion of the Jewish war, reported a prophecy that around the time when Jerusalem and the Second Temple would be taken, a man from their own nation, viz. However, it cannot be argued that Vespasian's leadership restored peace and tranquility to Rome after years of civil war and despotic leadership. According to Tacitus, his trip was delayed due to bad weather. Barbara Levick, Vespasian (London 6c New York: Routledge, 1999). "Vespasian 1. Everyone has multiple types of leadership within them. Over time, more leadership styles have emerged, and one that is commonly grouped in with Lewin's three is Transformational Leadership. It does not store any personal data. Encyclopedia.com. The military problem came first; the Eastern armies had supported Vespasian, and the Western, having fought each other to exhaustion, accepted him, but much remained to . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. E nsure success for son Titus and he was successful. In his early life Vespasian was somewhat overshadowed by his older brother, Flavius Sabinus, who rose to hold an important command on the Danube about ad 48 and was prefect of Rome for many years under Nero. Vespasian leadership style was humorous What was Lenin's leadership style? Here's an overview of eight common leadership styles, from autocratic to visionary, with a look at the benefits and challenges of each style: 1. This leadership style imparts knowledge and authority. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The early Roman Empire consisted of two dynasties : the Julio-Claudians (Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero) and the Flavians (Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian). He was stable-minded and wise with old age, something the people had lacked in their previous rulers like Nero and Caligula. Fall of the Jewish fortress of Gamla in the Golan to the Romans and massacre of its inhabitants. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? He died on June 23, 79 AD, and was succeeded by his sons Titus and then Domitian. . Download. Examples of transformational leaders include politicians like Winston Churchill and business visionaries like Steve Jobs. He brought the citizen legions up to full strength and carefully cultivated their goodwillNero's fatal blunder had been to ignore the troops. Rome was sorely in need of stability when Vespasian became emperor. In 78 or 79, Eprius Marcellus and Aulus Caecina Alienus attempted to kill Vespasian. Throughout the early months of 69, Vespasian convened frequently with the Eastern generals. First, he wanted to restore the people's faith in Rome's economy and infrastructure. While in Egypt, he visited the Temple of Serapis where he reportedly experienced a vision. Encyclopedia.com. During this time he became the patron of Flavius Josephus, a Jewish resistance leader captured at the Siege of Yodfat, who would later write his people's history in Greek. ." 3 - Hadrian (117 - 138) Like Nerva, Trajan adopted' his successor; although this time, the emperor was near death. He had proved himself an able military commander by the time he became emperor, an. Vespasian is wounded in the foot by an arrow fired from the city wall. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vespasian and Titus (or, less frequently, year 823 Ab urbe condita). Although Vespasian is said to have hesitated before following his brother into the Senate, his career was in no sense retarded; for, after military service in Thrace and a quaestorship in Crete, he reached the praetorship in the earliest year allowed him by law, namely ad 39, the year in which his elder son, Titus, was born. Vespasian was not born to the purple, but his rise to the ranks of nobility was because of his uncanny ability to lay low until the time was right to strike down his enemies. Coaching leadership Final thoughts 1. Construction projects bore inscriptions praising Vespasian and condemning previous emperors. Vespasian was known for his wit and his amiable manner alongside his commanding personality and military prowess. A leadership style determines how leaders implement plans and strategies to accomplish given objectives while accounting for stakeholder expectations and the wellbeing and soundness of their team. It could be argued that Vespasian's greatest achievement as emperor was how he dealt with his enemies after taking power, and the way that this aspect of his reign abetted peace and calm for Romans who were much beleaguered in 69 CE. Why is Vespasian important? 1 What was Vespasian leadership style like? He was especially generous to men of letters and rhetors, several of whom he pensioned with salaries of as much as 1,000 gold pieces a year. Josephus interpreted the prophecy to denote Vespasian and his appointment as emperor in Judea. [36] Soldiers loyal to Vitellius were dismissed or punished. ." The chaos that reigned supreme during those years was palpable to Romans, and they were in need of a ruler who was not a megalomaniac. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. vespasian leadership style. There's no one right type of leader. Vespasian is wounded in the foot by an arrow fired from the city wall. [16][17], After the death of Nero in 68, Rome saw a succession of short-lived emperors and a year of civil wars. E mpowered his people. And he replying no, 'And yet,' said he, 'it is derived from urine". Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. [52] Only one conspiracy is known specifically, though. 7. [23]:13 The importance of the Egyptian grain harvest (Latin: claustra annonae, lit. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/vespasian. However, Vespasian used his time in North Africa making friends instead of money, something that would be far more valuable in the years to come. He was the last person that Augustus wanted to succeed him as Princeps; Augustus tried to groom Marcellus, Agrippa, Gaius, and Lucius for the role, but all of them died before the old emperor did. Calle Limache 3405 oficina 73 Via del Mar, Chile . World Eras. ." ." . Answer (1 of 2): What is success? Ultimately, thousands of Jews were killed and the Romans destroyed many towns in re-establishing control over Judea; they also took Jerusalem in 70. Eutropius He kept a tight reign on appointments, even pushing his own men into provinces officially controlled by the Senate. 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved Compared to other types of leadership, coach-style leadership is a relatively new model. (February 22, 2023). JOHN CANNON "Vespasian ." About 63 he obtained the proconsulate of Africa, where his extreme financial rigour made him so unpopular that on one occasion the people pelted him with turnips. Vespasian is remembered by Josephus (writing as a Roman citizen), in his Antiquities of the Jews, as a fair and humane official, in contrast with the notorious Herod Agrippa II whom Josephus goes to great lengths to demonize. 2. Competence. The news of Galbas murder on January 15, 69, reached Titus on his way at Corinth, and he returned to participate in more pregnant discussions between Vespasian and Mucianus. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/vespasian-0, "Vespasian Vespasian (born Titus Flavius Vespasianus, pronounced [tts fawijs ws.pasijans]) was born in a village north-east of Rome called Falacrinae. World Encyclopedia. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. US State Department Spokesperson Ned Price said Wednesday that the US "is extremely concerned by the levels of violence in Israel and the West Bank," following the deadly IDF raid in Nablus on Wednesday. The fourth and last emperor who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empire for 27 years. - Mythology, Overview, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite's Mystical Theology, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. [24]:1314, As Pharaonic precedent demanded, Vespasian demonstrated his divine election by the traditional methods of spitting on and trampling a blind and crippled man, thereby miraculously healing him. Transactional Leadership 5. Vespasian had two goals as leader of Rome. Two legions, with eight cavalry squadrons and ten auxiliary cohorts, were therefore dispatched under the command of Vespasian while his elder son, Titus, arrived from Alexandria with another. He reformed the financial system of Rome after the campaign against Judaea ended successfully, and initiated several ambitious construction projects, including the building of the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known today as the Roman Colosseum. Augustus had sought secure frontiers at danger points but had paid little attention to safe areas, with the result that many frontiers were still vague. Portrait of Emperor Vespasian | 70 - 75 BCE . According to Suetonius, a prophecy ubiquitous in the Eastern provinces claimed that from Judaea would come the future rulers of the world. . In fact, unlike the custom at the time, he didnt execute many of his detractors or enemies. Still, the final decision is made by the group leader. By the time of Vespasian's death, Romans had grown comfortable with peace and quiet, and looked to his sons to continue on in their father's path. His common sense, no nonsense approach to Rome's financial problems put the empire back on firm financial feet and then the victory in Jerusalem. Vespasian, Latin in full Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, original name Titus Flavius Vespasianus, (born November 17?, ad 9, Reate [Rieti], Latiumdied June 24, 79), Roman emperor ( ad 69-79) who, though of humble birth, became the founder of the Flavian dynasty after the civil wars that followed Nero's death in 68. Ambitious and determined are two words that could sum up Vespasian's character. The authoritative leader knows the mission, is confident in working toward it, and empowers team members to take charge just as she is. He also endowed the first state-sponsored academic position, given to the orator and educational theorist Quintilian. Create an account to start this course today. However, the tax was removed after a while; it was re-enacted by Vespasian around 70 AD in order to fill the treasury. The appointment was exceptional because Judaea had never before been garrisoned by a legionary army, and Vespasian was given three legions with a large force of auxiliary troops. Bust of Vespasian Vespasian was the ninth emperor of Rome and succeeded in restoring peace and stability after a period of civil war. He wasnt as cruel as many of his predecessors and even had a sense of humor. He also invaded Vectis (now the Isle of Wight), finally setting up a fortress and legionary headquarters at Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter). For Vespasian and the Jews see Josephus's The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews. [23]:13 He proclaimed Vespasian emperor at Alexandria on 1 July 69 AD. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. After completion of a term in the vigintivirate, Vespasian was entitled to stand for election as quaestor; a senatorial office. [37] Vespasian also restructured the Senatorial and Equestrian orders, removing his enemies and adding his allies. . [CDATA[ Returning from Africa, Vespasian toured Greece in Nero's retinue, but lost Imperial favor after paying insufficient attention (some sources suggest he fell asleep) during one of the Emperor's recitals on the lyre, and found himself in the political wilderness. Mucianus started off Vespasian's rule with tax reform that was to restore the empire's finances. Pomacanthus imperator (emperor angelfish) See CHAETODONTIDAE. Both his wife and daughter died before he became emperor. Also called the "authoritarian style of leadership," this type of leader is someone who's focused primarily on results and team efficiency. I feel like its a lifeline. Suetonius's biography in Lives of the Twelve Caesars is the most complete account but is more interested in the man than in the emperor. [22], The praefectus Aegypti was Tiberius Julius Alexander, who had been governor since Nero's reign. Barbarians (for the north) end up coming to take over what left of Rome When conquered by barbarians ew style and aesthetic is starting to take over Style: rigid, not naturalistic, Carpet page introducing the Gospel of . Vespasian (9 - 79 AD / ruled 69 - 79 AD) worked hard to restore law, order and self-respect to Rome after the civil war. But Antonius arrived too late to prevent the execution of Vespasians brother Sabinus, who had been persuaded to occupy the capitol, where his small force had been stormed by the Vitellians. Nerva had loads of experience in prominent political positions serving numerous emperors in the past, including Nero, Vespasian, and Domitian as well. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, Titus Flavius Vespasianus, Professor of Classical Studies, University of Kent at Canterbury, England, 196476. Vitellius hastily arranged a peace with Antonius, but the Emperor's Praetorian Guard forced him to retain his seat. The chronology of Vespasians actions cannot be precisely determined; what is certain is that at the latest after Othos defeat and suicide on April 16, he began to collect support. He worked hard, and more importantly applied patience to his trek from obscurity to the emperorship. ." Ambitious and determined are two words that could sum up Vespasian's character. In the resulting confusion, the Capitol was destroyed by fire and Vespasian's brother Sabinus was killed by a mob. The story of Vespasian's reign is a tale of war and intrigue, destruction and restoration, drama, and - more often than one would perhaps imagine - comedy. World Eras. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Quintilian is said to have been the first public teacher who enjoyed this imperial favor. Augustus (September 63 BC 19 August, 14 AD) At the top of the list is a very obvious choice the founder of the Roman Empire himself, Augustus, who has the longest reign of 41 years from 27 BC to 14 AD. Vespasian was a Roman emperor (6979 CE) whose fiscal reforms and consolidation of the empire made his reign a period of political stability and funded a vast Roman building program which included the Temple of Peace, the Colosseum, and restoration of the capitol. He was successful in all three. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The opinions of team members are not considered while making any business decision. ." These styles dictate how a leader implements plans, provides guidance, and overlooks work. Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia. Servant Leadership Style. The epithets of the four emperors before him all read that they were killed by assassination, murder, or suicide. The historian Eutropius (fl. [44] A temple of peace Encyclopedia.com. How did Vespasian lose his power? Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/vespasian. Governor of Syria and commander of three legions, Mucianus also held political connections to many of the most powerful Roman military commanders from Illyricum to Britannia by virtue of his service to the famous Neronian general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo. Transformational Leadership 2. He rose through the ranks of Roman public office, being elected aedile on his second attempt in 39 and praetor on his first attempt in 40, taking the opportunity to ingratiate himself with the Emperor Caligula. Roman emperor Autocratic Leadership 3. Agricola reimposed discipline on the legion and helped to consolidate Roman rule. He worked hard, and more importantly applied patience to his trek from obscurity to the emperorship. Today, there are a variety of leadership styles in business, but the four primary leadership styles you'll be exposed to include: Autocratic. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He contracted a fever while on a trip through the empire and never sought medical care upon his return to Rome. Vitellius' remains were thrown into Rome's river graveyard known as the Tiber. Provides tested strategies and lessons in an engaging and user-friendly style supplemented by tailored pedagogy, training . [35] Titus attended the consecration of a new Apis bull at Memphis in 70, and Vespasian's reign saw imperial patronage given to Egyptian temples: at the Dakhla Oasis in the Western Desert as well as Esna, Kom Ombo, Medinet Habu, Silsila in the Nile Valley. Julius Caesar is never the choice of serious historians -- maybe a great general, but a totally inept and, therefore, short-lived ruler. [46] The ancient historians who lived through the period such as Tacitus, Suetonius and Josephus speak suspiciously well of Vespasian while condemning the emperors who came before him. Credibility encompasses competence, humility, and resolve. He treated the Senate with respect but did not try to revive Augustus's old idea of a partnership of emperor and Senate (with Vespasian's lack of background, any attempt at equality with the great nobles would ultimately point up his "inferiority"). As long as Nero was alive, this diagnosis was surely right. Vespasian repeatedly held the censorship, which not only allowed him to survey the empire's resources for financial purposes but also gave him control over the Senate's membership. Between 71 and 79, much of Vespasian's reign is a mystery. Low birth seemed less a bar to empire, and on July 1, 69, troops acclaimed Vespasian the last and permanent emperor of that "Year of the Four Emperors.". ." Inner Decor/Painting styles: 1 stStyle: Masonry style - tries to mimic brick, to imitate marble pattern with stucco (cement like) . "Vespasian Develop good intentions Trust is pivotal to successfully executing persuasive leadership. They are able to understand their strengths and weaknesses and proactively learn ( and practice!) Autocratic Leadership. The Shiji the leadership style that best suits them and their organization. There was no ground for suspecting personal enrichment, but the reputation for avarice remained with him the rest of his life. Galba took over leadership in Rome for a short time, but in January of 68 CE he was assassinated. Encyclopedia of World Biography. What was Vespasian known for? Leadership styles are how a leader guides a team through different stages. You're always there to hook them up with whatever resources they need, but then you let them run with it while you attend to other matters. Judea had been rebelling since 66. Agricola was appointed to the command of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix, stationed in Britain, in place of Marcus Roscius Coelius, who had stirred up a mutiny against the governor, Marcus Vettius Bolanus. Vespasian was unabashed about his financing methods as leader. [43] The word vindex was removed from coins so as not to remind the public of rebellious Vindex. After distinguished conduct at the crossing of the Medway River, he was given charge of the left wing of the advance; he proceeded to occupy the Isle of Wight and to conquer tribes as far west as Devon, capturing more than 20 towns. For these achievements he was awarded triumphal honours and appointed to two priesthoods, and in 51 he became consul. [48], Those who spoke against Vespasian were punished. Leaders must: Be intentional about their vision or goal. Among modern works the best is Bernard W. Henderson, Five Roman Emperors (1927). It was also alleged that but for Antoniuss invasion and its destructive progress Vespasians victory could have been bloodless, a very doubtful claim. //]]>. Vespasian. He worked hard, and more importantly applied patience to his trek from obscurity to the emperorship. All rights reserved. They defeated Vitellius' army (which had awaited him in Mevania) at Bedriacum (or Betriacum), sacked Cremona and advanced on Rome. Vespasian used his time in North Africa wisely. Finished by Vespasian; Vespasian repurposed it to give back to the people; It use to be called, the Flavian Amphitheater . ." He married Flavia Domitilla, who bore his sons Titus and Domitian and a daughter, Flavia Domitilla. [citation needed] Only Helvidius Priscus was put to death after he repeatedly affronted the Emperor with studied insults which Vespasian initially tried to ignore. Encyclopedia.com. With the death of Nero (68) the imperial Julio-Claudian dynasty became extinct, and there began a dizzying succession of momentary emperors as the various provincial armies pushed forward their own commandersGalba, Otho, Vitellius. His father was Trajan's cousin, and when he died in 86 AD, the 10-year old Hadrian became the . These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Servant leadership means using your leadership skills to serve a greater good. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. This ultra-hands-off style of leadership is purely delegative, as it essentially transfers all authority to employees. There are 10 styles of leadership - find out which one you are (the answer might surprise you). The elder boy, Titus Flavius Sabinus, entered public life and pursued the cursus honorum. Head from a marble statue of Vespasian, 70-80 C.E., from Carthage, northern Africa (The British Museum) . His appeal was followed by Vespasian's official proclamation as Emperor in early July. He also began construction of the Colosseum, using funds from the spoils of the Jewish Temple after the Siege of Jerusalem. [12], Early in his life he was somewhat overshadowed by his older brother, Titus Flavius Sabinus, who had entered public life and pursued the cursus honorum, holding an important military command in the Danube. His mother, Vespasia Polla, also belonged to the equestrian order in society but had a brother who entered the Senate. Upon the accession of Claudius as emperor in 41, Vespasian was appointed legate of Legio II Augusta, stationed in Germania, thanks to the influence of the Imperial freedman Narcissus. Siege of Jerusalem, (70 ce), Roman military blockade of Jerusalem during the First Jewish Revolt. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Fall of the Jewish fortress of Gamla in the Golan to . Meanwhile, Pliny the Elder dedicated his Natural Histories to Vespasian's son, Titus. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Vespasian made no effort to blur the fact that he had won the empire through arms rather than having received it from the hands of the Senate. [11], Sabinus and Vespasia had three children, the eldest of whom, a girl, died in infancy. There are many ways to lead and every leader has own style. [13] His early performance was so unsuccessful that Emperor Caligula reportedly stuffed handfuls of muck down his toga to correct the uncleaned Roman streets, formally his responsibility. 8 jna, 2022; right of way when backing into driveway; caudalie divine oil discontinued "Otho, Vitellius, and the Propaganda of Vespasian", Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Vespasian 15, "The Internet Classics Archive | The Histories by Tacitus", "Feeling Overtaxed? Vespasian was underestimated at many times in his life. It is, ultimately, the tale of an attempt to restore order to the Roman world by a man whose life was shaped by the violent currents of the first half-century of Rome's imperial history. Augustus, He also established great, permanent military posts for administration as well as defense. 22 Feb. 2023 . During his time in North Africa, he found himself in financial difficulties and was forced to mortgage his estates to his brother. "Vespasian Why did the Senate put Nerva on the throne? Why these men turned against Vespasian is not known. One of the most popular types of leadership styles is the democratic leadershipstyle. 'key to the grain supply') to Rome helped Vespasian assert control over the whole empire. "The greatest leader is not necessarily the one who does the greatest things. 4th century) is best known for his ten-book collection detailing the history of Rome from its start, Vespertilionid Bats II (Other Subfamilies), https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/vespasian-0, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/vespasian, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/vespasian, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/vespasian, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/vespasian. Vespasian marched from Noviomagus Reginorum (Chichester) to subdue the hostile Durotriges and Dumnonii tribes,[14] and captured twenty oppida (towns, or more probably hill forts, including Hod Hill and Maiden Castle in Dorset). Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. Vespasian was the son of Flavius Sabinus, a Roman knight who had been ataxcollector, and Vespasia Polla. By December of 69 CE, Vespasian would become emperor of Rome. "Vespasian He worked hard, and more importantly applied patience to his trek from obscurity to the emperorship. This article gives a brief introduction to different leadership 'theories', leadership 'styles' and the effect . To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. During this time he injured himself and had not fully recovered until he went to Egypt. Vespasian had two goals as leader of Rome. 22 Feb. 2023 . https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vespasian, Public Broadcasting Service - The Roman Empire - Biography of Vespasian. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. [50] Numerous other philosophers and writers had their works seized, destroyed and denounced for being deemed too critical of Vespasian's reign, some even posthumously.[50]. Verywell Mind lists the characteristics of democratic leaders: Judiciousness. [19], Vitellius, the occupant of the throne, had the veteran legions of Gaul and the Rhineland. The fourth and last emperor who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empire for 27 years. Appears In 3. [38] In 75, he erected a colossal statue of Apollo, begun under Nero, and he dedicated a stage of the theatre of Marcellus. He earned a reputation as a scrupulous and honest "tax-farmer". Leadership and Managment (D 030) Psychology (102) Survey of World History (HIST 1310) .
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