Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. 59. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. a. d. psychodynamic. 2.3.1.1. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? First, consider the list of side effects given for psychotropic medications. b. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. b. self theory. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. Track the accuracy of the thought. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? 159. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. d. create an ideal set of genes. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. 19. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. 12. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. b. sociocultural I'm here for you." d. client-centered therapy. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. d. propositions. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. We must try to convert what we see into action. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. b. ones values and goals. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. The Structure of the Nervous System. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. b. map, or sequence, genes. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? b. develop depression even when not under stress. c. primary process thought. a. catharsis. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. c. phallic stage. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: c. gestalt therapy. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. d. hormone therapy. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. d. free association. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. 131. d. quaternary prevention. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. Continuous or partial? 27. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. 81. How so? Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? Which is an example of latent content? The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. To stop some undesirable behavior you made in the past, they likely took away some privilege. Hormonal imbalances. How so? Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? Notice that preconditioning has both an A and a B panel. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. b. overgeneralization. 134. Criticisms. 2.2.1.2. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. 2.3.3.2. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. This is an example of behavior modification using: If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? b. delusional thinking. 2.2.1.6. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. 40. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. 100. a. 163. Chapter Recap. Communication in the nervous system. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. Conditioning. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. a. What about other students in the class that you know? b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. 146. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. 2.2.2. You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. b. humanistic-existential. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. Banduras Classic Experiment. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. These medications fall under five major categories. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. His name is The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. d. existential. 155. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. If I do X, then Y will happen. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. d. displacement. A story will illustrate the latter. There are two main ways they can present themselves. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? Describe observational learning and modeling. Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. 153. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. Unconditioned means unlearned. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. b. d. behavioral. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? a. humanistic therapy. 111. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. b. hypotheses. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? Maladaptive cognitions. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. 2.3.3.1. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. "That's all right. 2.2.2.1. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? d. fear. That is the idea, at least. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. c. transference. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. 114. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. 2. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? 33. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? 151. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. All of the models include an element of the biological model. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. c. superego. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). 137. c. neurotransmitters. a. modeling. c. intellectualization. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. 108. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. a. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. What are some issues facing the biological model? b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. b. existential. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. The humanistic perspective focuses on positive regard, conditions of worth, and the fully functioning person while the existential perspective stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. c. result of childhood trauma. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. b. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. Why? b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? How so? According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? 120. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness.
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